Thinking Aloud Essay -- Reading Education Learning Essays

Thinking Aloud Reading comprehension may be the most important skill for any student to acquire and is therefore an ara of particular interest to educators. Without adequate comprehension skills, students are limited in their reading, analytical and occupational abilities. To many, including the students themselves, comprehension or good reading skills begin and end with simple decoding. It is thought that if students can read and particularize the vocabulary they are reading, then they also comprehend what is read. True comprehension goes far beyond decoding, however. True comprehension requires visualization of a text, predicting events in the text, do inferences about the text and clarifying what is not understood about the text in order to lead to higher level thought processes such as personally connecting with the text. Reluctant, beginning or low-skilled readers often do not have the ability to visualize, predict, inference or clarify what they are reading and so they do not truly comprehend what the text is or what it means. Too often, these readers do not understand that good readers go through a series of rational processes in order to comprehend the text in ways which the low-level readers never even imagined. As educators, it is our job to show reluctant, beginning or low-skilled readers what these processes are and how they work in an attempt to boost the self-confidence and independence of these readers. One excellent way to set about this is through a strategy called a Think Aloud. The Think Aloud strategy is a teaching strategy which goes beyond instructor lecturing and is actually an exchange between teacher and student. First, the teacher demonstrates and encourages t... ...pecially designed to help dependent, beginning or low-level readers to see and understand exactly what it is that good readers do. Showing them this breaks down barriers which the students have built up against reading and comprehensi on. Most of all, the Think- Aloud is a more than sufficient method for giving students the skills they need to succeed in any reading situation they may encounter, whether it be in Social Studies class or the all important, ever watchful, standardized test.Works CitedBeers, Kylene. When Kids Cant Read What Teachers Can Do. Portsmouth, New Hampshire Heinemann, 2003.Oster, Leslie. victimization the Think-Aloud for Reading Instruction. The Reading Teacher 55 (September 2001) 64- 9.Wilhelm, Jeffrey D. Think Alouds Boost Reading Comprehension. Instructor 111 (2001) 26-8.

How Entrepreneurs Differ from Other Business Owners Essay -- business

There has been a large amount of attention paid to the guinea pig of entrepreneurship in the last few years mainly because most people have chosen to go from exerciseing for somebody else to be their own bosses and work for their dreams. Yet, many still wonder what is entrepreneurship and what is that sets entrepreneurs apart from other regular business owners?Free-lance writer and expert in economic issues Jeanne Holden suggestThere is no one definitive profile of an entrepreneur. Successful entrepreneurs come in various ages, income levels, gender, and race. They differ in education and experience. But research indicates that most successful entrepreneurs dispense certain personal attributes, including creativity, dedication, determination, flexibility, leadership, passion, self-confidence, and smarts. (Principles of Entrepreneurship) These attributes are what characterize entrepreneurs and set them apart from other business owners. The first one is creativity, which refers to t he way entrepreneurs can come up with different and innovative business ideas they create, develop and ...

Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology by Neil Postman Essa

As time progresses applied science increases and improves. However, this progression could pose as a serious problem for generations to come, and New York University discussion section chair of communication arts Neil mail carrier expresses this concern in his 1992 book, Technopoly The Surrender of Culture to Technology. In the opening of attack aircraft carriers book he expresses that technology is indeed our friend because technology provides our guild with fast and easy convenience and accessibility. As with most other things, there are always two sides to everything and toter notes, that of course, there is a dark side to this friend referring to technology (Postman, 1992). Many people do not address the negative sides to technology and just distort a blind eye to them so it is refreshing to have someone point them out and discuss the issues technology possess on our society. In Postmans book that our society is redefining what family, religion, education, privacy, and history mean as a result of technology, known as technopoly. He proposes several theories about how our society got to where we shortly areincluding social, and symbolic traditions, and totalitarian technocracy. Postman compares technology to Thamus concern that writing would have an impact on an individuals wisdom and memory. However, not all(prenominal) technology has been viewed negatively in Postmans eyes. He has viewed some technologies as blessing to society including technologies that once were provided as a helpful shit to society including technologies such as, the printing press and clock. According to Postman, current technology is now considered a totalitarian order on society (Postman, 1992). These technologies brought beneficial aspects to society but did not control s... ... is an important issue is the impact technology has on the environment currently and for the future generations. As an educator, I would think Postman would be more incline to include this evaluation in his book. Nevertheless, Neil Postman wrote a very thought-provoking novel that should make all Americans rethink their lives, level(p) if it is just a little bit. Postman was very critical in his novel, but he provides a wakeup call for everyone that has not come into contact with the blotto reality technology can have on society. References Mits Cash, M. C. (2000). Technopoly (Book Review). Educational Studies, 31(1), 75.Postman, Neil. (1992). Technopoly The Surrender of Culture to Technology. New York Vintage Books.Wiener, J., & Mohr, L. A. (1994). Technopoly The Surrender of Culture to Technology. Journal Of Public constitution & Marketing, 13(2), 326-327.

Theories of Post-Coloniality: Edward W. Said and W.B. Yeats :: Essays Papers

Theories of Post-Coloniality Edward W. Said and W.B. Yeats(Citations from Saids essay Yeats and Decolonization as published by verbalise Press, not the Field Day pamphlet)Post-compound theory, a mode of thought which accepts European Imperialism as a historical f comport and attempts to address nations touched by colonial enterprises, has as yet failed to adequately consider Ireland as a post-colonial nation. Undoubtedly, Ireland is a post-colonial nation (where post-colonial refers to any consequence of colonial contact) with a body of literary work that may be read productively as post-colonial.Although colonialism, as a subject for Irish criticism and theory, has been tentatively broached (for example, see Gaelic Revivals (1985) by Seamus Deane) Edward Saids lecture Yeats and Decolonization, published as a pamphlet by Field Day in 1988, was an important throttle for post-colonial study of Irish literature and culture. The premise of this now seminal study is that Yeats was a po et of decolonisation, a muse expressing the Irish experience of the dominant colonial position of Britain. Rather than reading Yeatss poetry from the conventional perspective of high European modernism Said explains that he appears to me, and I am sure galore(postnominal) others in the Third World, to belong naturally to the other cultural domain (3).Using this as his point of departure, Said enters into a line of argument which claims that Yeats was a central figure in debating and asserting an overt drive towards the construction of a national Irish identity as a vital act of decolonisation. Further, Said places Yeats within a global framework of anti-Imperialism, drawing parallels between the Irish poet and Third world writers and theorists such as Fanon, Neruda and Achebe. Though an incredibly powerful essay, the reverberations of which may still be felt in Inventing Ireland and other texts, it is also a work that demands close analysis and is replete with short-sighted and i ll-informed ideas.Said locates Ireland among territories like India, southeasterly America, Africa and Malaysia as a site of colonial contention. In doing so he emphasises Irelands role, and thus Irish literature, in colonial history as a member of the peripheral (from a Eurocentric viewpoint) Third World. According to this bog dwellers are paralleled as the Irish counterpart to innumerable niggers, .... babus and wogs (6). Yet, this argument, in retrospect, does not hold.Denis Donoghue ( disarray in Irish Studies) has explicitly condemned post-colonial theory for adopting a global paradigm of colonial experience as a discourse which treats all Empires as homogenous.

HMO Regulation Essay -- essays research papers

wellness maintenance organization RegulationHealth Maintenance Organizations, or HMOs, atomic number 18 a very all-important(a) part of the American health care system. Also referred to as managed care programs, HMOs are combinations of doctors and insurance companies that are formed into one organization. This organization provides treatment to its members at fixed costs and decides on what treatment, if any, will be given based on the patients or doctors current health plan. Sometimes, no treatment is given at all. HMOs main concerns are to control costs and supposedly provide the best possible treatment to their patients. But it instructms to the naked eye that instead their main destination is to get more people enrolled so that they can maintain or raise current premiums paid by consumers using their service. For HMOs, profit comes first- not patients lives. HMOs are groups of doctors hired by insurance companies and are usually controlled or regulated by the hospitals who f acilitate them. The majority of this limitation is due to mash from within the organization or government pressure. The government influences hospitals into denying treatment in order to cut federal costs. These government actions generally result in a revision of private employee health care claims, and in turn certain businesses can no longer afford to provide health insurance for their employees. Consequently, more or less 50 to 60 million people go without insurance for at least one month each year. Many HMOs perpetually evaluate their services to "ensure" the best care and coverage. But in many cases, what is happening is the exact opposite.HMOs can and do conduct their business sooner ruthlessly. Patients are continuously unable to receive the necessary treatment due to the insufficient HMO coverage. Many HMOs actually make more money if their doctors see or treat fewer patients. According to the Associated Press, Consumers who have been denied a treatment that the HMO says is not covered, or who inadvertently fail to follow HMO guidelines in seeking treatment and are thitherfore denied reimbursement, will continue to have little recourse. (2) Many people must drive for hours, generally sick or injured, simply to receive treatment from a doctor that will be covered by their HMO. Another downfall to HMO coverage is selective-contracting. This is a answer where hospitals deny treatment to patients because their... ...ts to cover their mistakes. This is the exact opposite of what the country needs. Why should costs go up because of denied treatment? The big concern is whether or not government really understands the great difficulty in trying to control HMOs and other health care programs without a nationalized program. Since there are some 6 million people using Medicare in HMOs something needs to be done to ensure these patients the treatment that they need.     In conclusion, there still needs to be a lot of work done to health care in the United States. Other nations provide universal health care to their citizens, but this would cause dilemmas in balancing two often conflicting policy goals providing the public with equitable access to needed pharmaceuticals while irresponsible the costs. Universal health care probably would not work in the U.S. because our nation is so diverse and our economy is so complex. The system we have today obviously has its problems, and there is a lot of rom for improvement. HMOs will still create problems for people and their medical bills, but they definitely should be monitored to see that their patients are receiving just treatment.

HMO Regulation Essay -- essays research papers

HMO RegulationHealth Maintenance Organizations, or HMOs, atomic number 18 a very important part of the American health cargon system. Also referred to as managed c atomic number 18 programs, HMOs are combinations of doctors and insurance companies that are formed into one makeup. This organization provides carement to its members at fixed be and decides on what discourse, if any, will be given based on the patients or doctors current health plan. Sometimes, no word is given at all. HMOs main concerns are to control costs and supposedly provide the best possible treatment to their patients. But it seems to the naked eye that instead their main goal is to get more than people enrolled so that they can maintain or raise current premiums paid by consumers using their service. For HMOs, profit comes first- not patients lives. HMOs are groups of doctors hired by insurance companies and are usually controlled or regulated by the hospitals who facilitate them. The majority of this li mitation is due to pressure from within the organization or government pressure. The government influences hospitals into denying treatment in order to cut federal costs. These government actions generally result in a revision of orphic employee health care claims, and in turn certain businesses can no longer afford to provide health insurance for their employees. Consequently, approximately 50 to 60 million people go without insurance for at least one month each year. Many HMOs constantly evaluate their function to "ensure" the best care and coverage. But in many cases, what is happening is the exact opposite.HMOs can and do conduct their business quite ruthlessly. Patients are unendingly unable to birth the necessary treatment due to the insufficient HMO coverage. Many HMOs actually make more money if their doctors see or treat fewer patients. According to the Associated Press, Consumers who have been denied a treatment that the HMO says is not covered, or who inadvert ently fail to follow HMO guidelines in seeking treatment and are at that placefore denied reimbursement, will continue to have little recourse. (2) Many people must drive for hours, generally sick or injured, simply to receive treatment from a doctor that will be covered by their HMO. Another downfall to HMO coverage is selective-contracting. This is a process where hospitals deny treatment to patients because their... ...ts to cover their mistakes. This is the exact opposite of what the country call for. Why should costs go up because of denied treatment? The big concern is whether or not government genuinely understands the great difficulty in trying to control HMOs and other health care programs without a nationalized program. Since there are some 6 million people using Medicare in HMOs something needs to be done to ensure these patients the treatment that they need.     In conclusion, there still needs to be a lot of work done to health care in the United States. Other nations provide universal health care to their citizens, notwithstanding this would cause dilemmas in balancing two often conflicting policy goals providing the public with equitable access to needed pharmaceuticals while controlling the costs. Universal health care probably would not work in the U.S. because our nation is so diverse and our economy is so complex. The system we have now obviously has its problems, and there is a lot of rom for improvement. HMOs will still create problems for people and their medical bills, but they definitely should be monitored to see that their patients are receiving just treatment.

Ray-Ban Promotion Strategies

Ray-Ban in the 20th century has been competent to prove its ability to maintain par wholeelism between its products and the centurys name determined by the the Statesn Culture. A decade breakdown will prove this parallelism victoryful. In the 1930s to the 1940s the Aviator style was introduced, short complementing the number of well-disposed phenomenon pertaining to this decade. There was a dramatic increase in interest for aviation and all the machines and technological advances that came with it.One of the most influential packaging acts the brand experienced for men, was when General Douglas McArthur1 landed his military plane at the World War II base in the Philippines sporting a impertinently released pair of Aviator sunglasses. The famous picture of the General wearing his generals hat, smoking a tobacco pipe and the Ray-Ban Aviator Sunglasses actually beseeched Aviators, as well as Ray-Ban, over the screening. These sunglasses became part of the highly respected pil ots equipment. The men confided in the Aviators fine reference and protection against optical harm.Women were excessively added into this look group when one of times most famous female aviator, Amelia Earhart, was similarly spotted with a pair of Ray-Bans Aviators. During the next decades, the world was bouncing back from the terrible times of war. The universe of discourse had seen and experienced enough suffering allowing only growth and happiness to take place. The preservation was progressing to a point where people were forgetting their sorrows and only concentrating on all the heroes which were coming home. Women were also gaining from this growth by increasing their rights. They could finally work.This time had become careen with enjoyment, glamour, color, and rocknroll2. With this change in era, Ray-Ban needed to keep on top of their game and follow the present trends. Ray-Ban began offering a vast clutch of colorful frames to go along with the clothing style of the time. This cause the fresh dark lens sunglasses to become an iconic accessory while still having top of the line sun damage protection. This time and environment was the perfect situation for Ray-Ban to release their clean line of sunglasses, the Wayf arer. They were the first sunglasses to relieve oneself plastic frames barely considered to be of high quality.Every aspect intimately these sore sunglasses were attractive to the public. The new endless shape of the frame and fun advertising strategies at one time transformed the Wayfarers into the times, and presently, most sold model in history. In the 1960s the United States took a technological turn for the best of mankind. President John F. Kennedy raises Americas hopes and dreams by announcing the plan of a man making a trip to the moon. With such amazing and quick advances in technology, Ray-Ban learned to do the same. end-to-end this time Ray-Ban found they had the capacity to create sunglasses that were mounted in unb reak fitting frames.They put on the market these sunglasses never evening daydream of before and were able to greatly increase the price of their sunglasses by 70%. This price increase was done to prove the quality of such a product and maintain a popular image of class. With this increase in popularity even to a greater extent artists, musicians, movie stars, and television stars were publicly spotted wearing Ray-Ban sunglasses. Ray-Ban even began to make appearances in Hollywood movies as part of the everyday outfit of m some(prenominal) characters3. The next decade brought on a whole mix of social compromises, as well as the desire to escape reality.This led to the beginning of an interest in science fiction and its role in television and music. Consequently, the ever-changing societal trends influenced the companys new design and the use of more advanced technology. The new Ski and Sports Collection is introduced, with the two new styles called the Vagabond and the Stateside. At this point, Ray-Ban was making specialized sun glasses for mountain climbers with mirrored lenses, side protectors made out of leather, and nylon4 mountings which would cover the ears inhibiting these glasses from falling.This new line was creative unless very limited in market segmentation. The segment was so piddling that advertising had to be real specific to the interest of the intended market. This was done by publishing in certain ski, outside skills and sports magazines as well as selling the sunglasses in sporting goods stores. Ray-Ban was also realizing its Naturals collection, created with the intention of creation a more casual line. This collection went hand-in-hand with the new age of Disco music and glamorous Rock.The sunglasses consisted of larger frames with a larger variety of softer more matt-up colors with outlines in metals such as silver and gold. The lenses were degraded to a point where the sunglasses were perfect for day and night use. Due to the fact that this new line went hand in hand with the social trends of the moment, advertising was a breeze. Ray-Ban introduced advertisements which simply informed the population about their product. By just informing the population was interested in what they saw and took a liking to the new style. During this time thither was also the release of the Ambermatice sunglasses.These consisted of adjustable lenses subject matter, they would change different colors in place to adjust to the conditions of the sun and more efficiently protect the eyes from the rays. On sunny days the lenses would become darker allowing more protection, while on a cloudy day the lenses were lighter giving off an amber color. These sun glasses were intended for those athletes who were forever exposed to the sunlight but the style took race and became a quick trend. Big athletes such as David Beckham, were used as the advertising strategy for this new line.By showing different athletes sporting this new athle tic collection, Ray-Ban was luring in a whole different market segment. Ads were all about sports and being manly which allowed men to feel comfortable buying themselves a pair of sunglasses. The world was then introduced to Wings by Ray-Ban. A unisex style of sunglasses defined as being aerodynamic and revolutionary, and were legal opinion to be the predecessors to the sunglasses with the opened up lenses (these were the lenses which were held in place only by half of the mounting, generally in their upper area), which appeared solely 20 age after the introduction of the Wayfarers.These appealed to the publics new interest of gender equality. Ray-Ban advertised this as the idea behind the look creating a who new meaning for these sunglasses. This reached out to the public greatly making Wings a very successfully marketed collection. Ray-Bans popularity kept expanding not only due to the great success in publicity and their relationship with fashion, but because of their continua l appearances in Hollywood. The Blues Brothers, Risky Business and Miami Vice are all examples of popular movies which increased Ray-Bans popularity.But, it was definitely Tom Cruise and Kelly McGills award winning film Top-Gun that pushed Ray-Bans sales through the ruff. It was during this increase in success that Ray-Ban was awarded two very prestigious recognitions. In 1985 , the same year Top-Gun was released, the company was recognized as The Best Sunglasses in the World by the Council of Fashion Designers of America5. Due to this recognition, Ray-Bans owner Luxottica, is able to become a incorporate affiliate of the CFDA (Council of Fashion Designers of America)6.Four years later, Ray-Ban receives another recognition and is awarded the Woolmark Prize in 1989, for their ability to influence the look of a North American male. In the 90s, Ray-Ban continued to be featured in films and TV shows in which various of the protagonists were displayed sporting mostly Wayfarers. Reservoi r Dogs, for example, has the opening thought in which a few of the films characters are shown actually putting the sunglasses on.Recurrent placement is what made Ray-Ban sunglasses famous Ray-Ban instantly places its glasses in 160 films and TV shows each year7 This decade also brought about the development and patenting process of DiamondHard Scratch-Protection. This was a covering put on the lenses of the sunglasses that would make them ten times more resistant that the usual anti-rupture lenses. This lead to a boom of the Orbs style, which was dark framed classes sometimes having strange designs that consisted of a very thin mounting.This and the Predator style both represent a great part of the success of the brand in recent years and their maturation popularity within the male population. This was done by making more market specific commercials and displaying the men and women wearing these as fashionable and attractive. Once we reach the twenty-first century, the fashion in dustry seemed to be on a designer block. The new fashion was simply old styles with new qualities. 8 For Ray-Ban, this was great news. Once again Ray-Ban was able to put on store shelves their determinate Aviator and Wayfarer styles simply renewed and with better quality.Their advertisements for these classic retros were the same as when they were first introduced. The public seemed to sock the look of old commercials and ads. Ray-Ban took a few steps backwards and a huge leap forward. In the year 2003 though, apart from traditional collection of sunglasses, there is the introduction of optical glasses using lenses created to fit in with the Ray-Ban designs. There is also the introduction of the Junior collection which is comprised of various models of the know styles simply designed to fit the visage of a child. At this point, Ray-Ban began to recognize how important children were to the market.Fashion was becoming bigger even for children but Ray-Ban did not advertise to the chi ldren. Ray-Ban came up with slipway to market this Junior collection to adults, parents. Ray-Ban showed matching mommy and baby sunglasses as the new fashion icon. Ever since Luxottica acquired the rights to the brand, previously owned by Bausch and Lomb9, Ray-Ban has been constantly coming up with new slogans such as Change your view, and the most recent being Never Hide. These new publicity slogans are taking the interests of the coming generations and making it their objective.Still using the classic styles but adding a great variety of color and design, these new slogans are telling the population to be themselves and not be afraid. To complete the introduction of these, in December 2008, the company had a concert called Ray-Ban Remasters which brought together numerous bands, celebrities, and artists. Instead of having many small advertisements Ray-Ban came out with a single big bang. A new strategy which until today seems to gravel worked, Ray-Ban is more than a brand of sun glasses. Over time Ray-Ban grew into a fashion icon.Countless have said or say that they add a touch of retro and avant-garde style. many would say they define your personality. When you subscribe a Ray-Ban you are often choosing an image shaped by history and strong personalities. If we take a look at the history of Ray-Bans sunglasses production, it was a company which sunglasses went through many ups and downs throughout most all of the products and styles. Due to the great struggle in the worlds economy, if any other company experienced the same path in which this one did, they would have definitely given up and carried on.Ray-Ban, on the other hand, with their constant push to be up in the market and to be present in fashion, has sincerely proven to be victorious in their market strategy. Ray-Bans classic Wayfarers, was the brand which most struggle but ended up being the most sold sunglass brand to date. As discussed before, the Ray Ban Wayfarer was introduced in the early 19 50s. Their production began when Ray Ban decided to stray away from the common metal framed sunglasses and take a risky change. They used colorful plastic frames, an idea which took flight in the fashion world immediately. Wayfarers are sometimes cited as the best-selling design of sunglasses in history, and have been called a classic of modern design and one of the most enduring fashion icons of the 20th century. 10 The Wayfarers though, did not start off this way. These sunglasses started off with a strong stable position in the industry when they were introduced in the 1950s and 1960s. The new product was like a shiny new toy for all of Americas fashion industry. Once the fad quickly passed, Ray Bans sales quickly dropped.Despite Ray Bans efforts to get artists, such as the Blues Brothers, to be human advertisements, by the 1980s these sunglasses were no longer a success. Ray Ban had to change their promotion strategy and fast if there was going to be any chance of the Wayfarer s urviving. In 1982 Ray Ban came to terms with their issue and took a large financial leap to correct this problem. A $50,000 yearly contract was signed with Unique Product Placement to have Ray Bans sunglasses on screen and in front of consumer eyes. The sunglasses would be appearing in movies and television shows.Throughout this period Ray Bans were displayed in more than 50 shows and big screen movies per year11. Some of the most famous on screen phenomenon in which these appeared were Risky Business, The Breakfast Club, Miami Vice. scarce four years prior, Ray-Ban had been considering discontinuing their Wayfarer product. Due to their new product placement contract, the Wayfarer Sunglass peaked at $1. 5 million in sales in 1986 alone. This popularity did not stop with just films and television shows though. Ray-Ban made sure their incredible come back kept them on top. Wayfarers were the decades sunglasses of choice. 12As the 90s rolled around, once again the Wayfarers lost their great popularity. The great success they found in the 80s just did not seem to stick. Ray-Bay though, being the true innovators that they are, learned how to deal with this issue quickly. In 2001, Ray-Ban had the Wayfarer undergo a dramatic redesign which included smaller frames which were also less pointed. They also changed from acetate, a cellulite compound used for binding, and changed it to a lighter plastic based chemical. The reasoning behind this redesign was to make the sunglasses more wearable and to have their physique be different and more appealing.Wayfarers stuck it through and stayed in the limelight well into the late 2000s when celebrities decided to change their sunglass style to much larger vintage frames. The companys designers quickly caught on to the new trend and realized how high the vintage Wayfarers were selling for on varies online bargaining sites. Ray-Bans marketing strategy was threefold a return to the sunglasses original, rebellious design, an edgy advertising campaign and high-profile PR events, and the use of new media like MySpace to connect with consumers Brunelli, Richard. Ray-Ban Wayfarers Made in the Shade13.As of October 2007, the Ray-Ban Wayfarer became Luxotticas third best selling style later increasing sales over 40%. Despite their ancient fails, Ray-Ban learned and put to practice great promotional strategies which lead them to success. One of the main reasons this company stayed solid and in business is because Ray Ban has always stayed true to having a clear and successful promotion mix. Not to be confused with marketing mix, promotion mix consists of advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relations, corporate image, direct marketing, and exhibitions.When it comes to advertising, Ray-Ban can be considered experts. A great portion of the companys success in being one of the most popular styles in the fashion world can definitely be awarded to Hollywood, TV, movie stars, and musicians, but it was mostly through the advertising strategies that Ray-Ban was able to expand and make themselves known. Ray-Bans constant evolving marketing campaigns is what truly set them apart from the rest. Wanting to keep up with the fast pace of the fashion industry Ray-Ban had to constantly come up with new ideas and products to adapt to new technologies.Ray-Ban started off simply having picture ads, now Ray-Ban uses the internet, television, pictures, and even big screen advertising in the center of New York City. An example of an super successful advertisement campaign has been the Never Hide campaign, in which celebrities and regular Ray-Ban customers send in pictures of themselves sporting a Ray-Ban style to the companys site. Many of these pictures are displayed in New York Citys big screens for everyone to see. Not only does this create demand but shows the companys respect and love life of everyones interest and creativity.This doing can also be considered a sales promotion, marketing communication with the purpose of increasing consumer demand and stimulating market demand. another(prenominal) promotion mix element is public relations which consist of stimulation of supply for a product by planting significant news about it or the producer in a well known favorable media source. Ray-Ban can pride themselves on the fact that the way they marketed their products through well known and highly respected sources, increased their products quality belief and promotes the companys image positively.The image of an organization is an extremely important part of marketing. In order to have consumers trust and their willingness to buy a product from a company, the companys reputation must be a good one. Ray-Ban has no doubt, a very good image. This reputation has come from the stability it has maintained regardless of the constant roller coaster in the economy and market. Ray-Bans image also positively changed when the bigger, more respected company Luxottica bought out the brand. So in conclusion, Ray-Ban Sunglass company, has simply had the key to success from start to present, and that is marketing.

Product Failure (Malaysia) Essay

Product unsuccessful person Failure refers to the state or condition of not meeting a desirable or intended objective, and may be viewed as the opposite of success. Product misery ranges from disaster to sell the increase to fracture of the harvest-feast, in the worst cases leading to personal injury, the province of forensic engineer. The criteria for tribulation are heavily dependent on context of use, and may be relative to a special(a) observer or belief system. A fleck considered to be a failure by one might be considered a success by another, particularly in cases of direct competition or a zero-sum game.Similarly, the degree of success or failure in a situation may be differently viewed by distinct observers or participants, such(prenominal) that a situation that one considers to be a failure, another might consider to be a success, a qualified success or a neutral situation. It may also be difficult or impossible to ascertain whether a situation meets criteria for fa ilure or success due to dubious or ill-defined definition of those criteria. Finding useful and effective criteria, or heuristics, to judge the success or failure of a situation may itself be a signifi give the axet task.Failure can be differentially perceived from the viewpoints of the evaluators. A person who is only interested in the final outcome of an action mechanism would consider it to be an Outcome Failure if the core issue has not been resolved or a core demand is not met. A failure can also be a process failure whereby although the activity is completed successfully, a person may still feel dissatisfied if the rudimentary process is perceived to be below expected standard or benchmark. Failure to carry out a taskFailure to perceive Failure to anticipate Fail product in local market In Malaysia, there is a lot of product failure and it just too numerous to say it one by one, most of them, it did not even catch the public attention, basically, the public turn int even populate the existence of the particular product. There is so much factors that can leads to product failure. Failure causes are defects in design, process, woodland, or part application, which are the underlying cause of the failure or which initiate a process which eads to failure. Rather than the simple description of symptoms that many product users or process participants might use, the term failure cause refers to a rather complete description, including the pre-conditions under which failure occurs, how the thing was being used, proximate and ultimate/final causes (if known), and any subsidiary or resulting failures that result. The term is part of the engineering lexicon, especially of engineers working to test and debug products or processes.Carefully observing and describing failure conditions, identifying whether failures are reproducible or transient, and hypothesizing what combination of conditions and sequence of events led to failure is part of the process of fixing design flaws or improving future iterations. The term may be applied to mechanical systems failure. One of the product/ shuffle that fail in Malaysia is M . Mobile or simply known as M. Mobile is an R&D and sprightly communication design keep familiarity based in Malaysia. M.Mobile is Malaysias first cell phone manufacturer and is also the worlds first Muslim-owned quick phone R&D and selling company in a partnership between Malaysia and China. This company is currently in operation under its parent company, Kosmo Technology industrial Berhad Type Berhad Founded 2005 Headquarters Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia Key people Norhamzah Nordin,Chairman Industry Telecommunications Products Mobile phones Website M. Mobile M. alerts products Factors that leads to this brand failureThe reason why this brand failed in malaysia market because M. mobile cannot give a better satisfaction to the consumer comparison to their competitor that are nearly established in mobile technology area such as Nokia, Sony Ericsson , Samsung etc. Promotion (marketing) M. mobile cannot compete with their competitors in term of Price Features Quality After sales service Promotion M. mobile should keep back promote their product and brand more aggressively since they enter a market where most of them already loyal to a particular brand, M. obile did not market their product as well as their brand effectively, therefore they able to capture only few attention from the public, most Malaysian dont even know the existence of the brand. Price Price offered by M. mobile considered less expensive, still somehow, consumer nowadays always think, even though its not very expensive, but its still money, does it worth the money? instead of taking a risk of buying the product which they dont really know the background of the company, consumer prefer to spend their money on trusted brand for the same price or a bit more. left wing picture is NOKIA 2690 and on the right picture is M. obile M10, both ph one has a pretty similar specification and the price is most the same(RM300+), most consumer result go for NOKIA because they want to avoid risk from buying unestablishrd brand. Features Most M. mobile product is a low end product and it does not offer classification of features compare to their competitors. As we know, consumer nowadays demand for the latest technology, therefore as a mobile phone manufacturer, knowing the consumer needs and want is the main priority in coming up with a new product, most of the product produced by this company does not reach consumer expectation who demand for better technology.Quality The quality of the product produced by this company proven not to be as good as the other brands products, the materials they use to make the product is low in quality, from the mainboard(interior) to the exterior of the phone. After sales service After sales service is the service provided by the company to the customer of their product, M. mobile does not offer a good after sales service compared to another company like nokia and sony ericsson. It shows that the company do not really think some building a long and strong relationship with the consumer.How the product could be successful In order for this brand to be successful, there are so many things that the company have to take into account, its not easy becoming a great company in consumer eyes, there are several things that the company have to take into consideration especially the strength of the competitors, in order to be successful, a company need to have an advantage that can kill the competitors strength. This is the reason why R&D very important in coming up with new product. The 1st thing M. obile have to focus on is their promotion, promotion plays an important part in creating a good image in consumer mind, since theres a lot of well established company in mobile phone sector, M. mobile have to make a huge action in promoting their brand and product. Doing aggressive mark eting by keep on promoting the product and brand is the best way to create a good image in consumer mind, of course it will apostrophize a lot, but the return is way better. Psychologically, Its a human nature, the more we hear n see it, the more we prefer it, thus it will create the sense of security towards the product or brand.Price, features and quality are related to each other, this is one of the most important things a company need to think closely, they need to know what type of product they want to come out with in term of the products quality level and the variety of it features, therefore they can set the price for the product, The company have to make sure the price is reasonable with the quality and the features of the product or else consumer will favor the competitors, M. obile comes out with one new product called M10 and the price for the product is around rm300+,Nokia as well comes out with a new product which is nokia 2690 and the price is almost the same with M. mobile m10, both model provide almost the same features, but in term of quality, we know nokia is better, consumer will think, why choose m. mobile instead of nokia? M. mobile have to make sure their offer can overcome their competitors offer, therefore consumer will find the advantage of choosing M. mobiles products. may be it will take some time for M. obile to keep pace with the other established company in term of product quality and technology, but by putting a correct price, the company can attract more market and the company will grow. A company have to know how important word of mouth and how dramatic change it can do with the influence of word of mouth, satisfied customer will tell the others how good the product is, dissatisfied customer will spread the bad things about the product, do not give a high expectation to the consumer because the possibility of getting dissatisfied customer is high.After sales service is one of the thing people nowadays always talk about, M. mobile have to make sure they can deliver a good after sales service so that their customer will spread a good deal with the others. It is important for M. mobile building a strong and long relationship with the customer because it can create brand loyalty, once customer loyal to the product, they will keep on purchasing the product and influence other people into buying the same product. Good after sales service shows that the company really care about their customer and customer loves it when the company cares about their rights.

A study of the myers-briggs types indicator (mbti)

This paper presents a study on Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) as a Psychology test. It provides background information on the test, Historical bum giving a brief discussion on origin and design of Jungs theory, temperament classification of the test into different types of Extroversion/introversion (EI), sensing/Intuition (SI), Thinking/Feeling and Judging and Perceiving.This is followed by description of the format and administration of MBTI, much so on format and type of questions. The validity and reliableness of the test is too discussed on the basis of research and argument of different scholars. It further looks at the strengths and weaknesses of the test as discussed by other scholars and concludes by discussing applications of the Myer-Briggs testify Indicator in the contemporary society.INTRODUCTIONPsychology, being the study of the mind and mental processes in relation to behavior, is characterized by the prediction of an soulfulnessistics behavior found on ge neralizations made from the study of other peoples behavior. This is on the basis that behavior brook be predicted and evaluated on the foundation of research of other studies.This has given jump to dissever of psychology known as mental testing. Cooper, S.E. & Miller, J.A. (1991) defines psychological testing as, a branch of psychology which implements a series of questions, problems, or physical responses that argon designed to measure knowledge, intelligence, ability quality, truth, validity of a psychological phenomenon.Most psychological tests ar based on 1psychometrics which mainly uses educational and psychological measurements in determine knowledge, abilities, attitudes, and personality.They involve deliberate and systemized collection of samples of behavior based on observations over magazine. A score is assigned to an individuals performance on a given task based on pre-designed psychological test.BackgroundThis study will seek to study the Myers-Briggs Type Indicat or (MBTI).MBTI can be defines it as a personality test designed to identity an individuals personality and preferences based on certain psychometrics, It a test for identifying a persons personality type based on Carl Jungs theory of personality preferences.MBTI therefore is a personality test designed to offer assistance to an individual by identifying some significant personal preferences. It therefore offers important insights into different personalities leading to enhanced self knowledge, Rosenak, C.M., Shontz, F.C. (1988).The test uses assorted psychometric questionnaires which are carefully speculate to measure psychological differences in individuals. Different personalities have varying preferences based on their genome and experiences from their interaction with the environment.The test was developed by Katharine Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers in the 1940s. Their fix was to make use of Jungs theory of human personality in evaluating the personality of man. J ungs theory, as its name suggests, was pioneered by a Swiss head-shrinker Carl G. Jung. It classified individuals personality types into eight types on the basis of three dichotomous variables Extroversion Vs Introversion (E/I), perceptual experience Vs Intuiting (S/N), and Thinking Vs Feeling (T/F), Williamson, J. (2003).It is designed to offer a description of observable traits such as the big five personality traits Extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and 2neuroticism. The psychological differences among individuals account for the difference in personality. The test proposes that an individuals personality is any programmed by nature at birth. or is developed in the process of his/her interaction with the environment, Tieger, P.D. & Barron-Tieger, B. (2001).The test is designed to measure the preferences of an individual rather than aptitude and is constructed from the four opposing traits.Every personality trait has an opposite pair. The aspect of 3extr aversion has a direct opposite in introversion, thinking in feeling, and adjudicate in perceiving and sensing a in intuition. These opposing pair of traits forms the foundation of the test. It is therefore based on four bipolar discontinuous scales Extraversion/Introversion, Sensing/Intuition, Thinking/Feeling and Judging/Perceiving.Introversion Vs extroversion gives an epitome of how persons direct their energy. It is a principle based on the fact that there are two worlds at heart an individuals personality the internal and the external world. The expression of either of the two worlds depends on the individuals preference.People who are extraverted are energized and make by their actions hence they prefer to focus their energy on the outside world. Conversely the introverts prefer to direct their energy towards their inner being making them more conceptual and idealistic. Rosenak, C.M., Shontz, F.C. (1988)Sensing Vs intuition originated from the broad category of perceiving functions. The two are however not mutually exclusive as their usage is dependent on time and circumstances. These are also the foundation of human knowledge from the empiricist and rationalists prefigure of view as they are the primary avenues through which information reaches the individual. Individuals begin information either by sensing it directly from the environment by one or more of the five senses or through intuition, by the use of the mind.The preferences of individuals who rely on sensing are a presentation of facts while those who rely on intuition are likely to operate on theory-based and abstract models hence are likely to be more logical.Thinking Vs Feeling is a function based on the basic judgment of an individual. Those who prefer thinking make judgment and decisions on the basis of critical analysis of situations. Conversely, those who prefer to make judgment based on feelings base their judgment on the emotional aspects of a situation and on the basis of per sonal norms and values.True to the prediction of the test, persons with different personalities tend to behave and live differently, choose different careers, perform differently in activities for example in academic and professional fields. MBTI categorizes psychological differences into 16 types from four opposing pairs namely ISTJ, ESTJ, ENTP, INTP, ENTJ, INTJ, ENFP, ESPF, ESTJ, ISTP, ISFJ, ISFP, INFP, INFJ, ESTP, and INTP. These rises from treating of each index as an independent preference heart-to-heart of being combined with other indices.Format and AdministrationThe two near widely used versions of MBTI are the European and the North American English versions. In all the two versions, MBTI is administered by the use of MBTI forms. The instrument measures personality preferences on four scales namely Extraversion(E)/Introversion(I), Sensing(S)/Intuition(N), Feeling(F)/Judging(J) Perceiving. Questions are all in the form of multiple choice questions.Each question is structu re in a way that presents only two options in the form of short statements and word pairs from which 4one can only choose one of the questions. MBTI therefore uses an pointedness Based Forced Questionnaire Form. Its structure revolves around the identification of preferences of an individual from a presented choice of two options in every question.Reliability and Validity of MBTIReliability refer to how consistently can a test measure what it is designed to measure. Total consistency in the psychological tests are unlikely owing to the nature of personality, however there are legitimate standards for variations of psychological instruments such as MBTI.According to Rosenak, C.M., Shontz, F.C. (1988), one of the pioneer researchers into the reliability of MBTI, the reliability of MBTI meets and exceeds all the preset standards of psychological instrument. He asserts that the reliability of MBTI are either as good as or better than other instruments when the scores are treated as c ontinuous scale.Furthermore the reliability in terms of preferences target between 75-90% on a test retest scale. He further asserts that, the reliability of the test across age, ethnic groups and race also vary between 60-85%. Williamson, J. (2003) gives the analysis of personality traits of the engineer students from various colleges conducted by varied researchers. It shows consistency as the score of ISTJ personality among engineering students was the highest in all studies.In the University of Tennessee Knoxville the personality scores of engineering faculty members were ISTJ (22.6%), INTJ (17.8%), INTP (17.8 %), and ENTJ (14.3%) while that of engineering freshmen in the same university in a study conducted between 1990-1994 were ISTJ (13.4), ESTJ (11.7), ENTP (8.8), INTP (8.8). Further research by Mc Caulley showed on the personality of Engineering students in Eight different colleges were as follows ISTJ (16.46), ESTJ (12.75), ENTJ (9.43), INTJ (9.43), INTP (8.46),ENTP (7. 43) to mention just but a few. The dominance of the ISTJ among engineering students is evident from the above studies supporting the reliability of the test.How valid is MBTI? Validity refers to the degree to which a given instrument measures what it is intended to measure. Several psychological analysts have questioned the validity of the test. Tieger, P.D.& Barron-Tieger, B. (2001), sees the validity of the test as arising from the applicability of the four preference pairs of dichotomies and the subsequent combinations of the preferences.The choice of the questions and therefore the different scales are also valid. The often cited argument is that the founders, Myers and Briggs had no scientific training on psychometric testing and therefore were at no position to prescribe a psychological test.Rosenak, C.M., Shontz, F.C. (1988), however argue that face validity of the test is generally accepted by most researchers though the omission on neuroticism is a weakness of the test. On the construct validity, arguments have been advanced for and against the test. Statistically, the validity of the test is also put to question. With four pairs of parameters, a binomial distribution is a general expectation. However, this has never been seen in any of the dimensions. Statistical analysis of scores reveals a median(prenominal) distribution just like the IQ tests. Rosenak, C.M., Shontz, F.C. (1988),Strengths and Weaknesses of the TestTo summarize the strengths of the test, psychologists see it as covering a wide range of personality traits. This is a strong point since it examines an individual as a whole. Its reliability is also its strength. The correlation between the scores of persons with similar personalities is generally high.Strength is its face validity which is accepted by most researchers test is its internal consistency and construct validity. Its test-retest reliability also far much exceeds those of other tests in the category. Some psychologists have however criticized the test for missing not only in validity but also in reliability from the above discussion. The use of forced format is another weakness as seen by most researchers. One can have two of the options presented in the test questions yet he/she is only allowed to select one.Its construct validity is also one of its 5weaknesses.Practical Applications of MBTIMBTI is one of the most important tests used in the process of career selection, Tieger, P.D. & Barron-Tieger, B. (2001).. The 16 Myer-Briggs types have been found to effectively aid an individuals career choice. A study conducted by Williamson, J. (2003) and citing other researchers on the personality type of engineering students showed that the majority of students were of the ISTJ type. These were people, who were introverted, had impeccable intuition, were good thinkers and Judgmental. Summary of your MBTI results It is therefore declare that the MBTI score may affect your career choices, career exploration, career development, Rankings in occupational categories.MBTI is increasingly being used by companies and other employers in the enlisting of new employees. This is due to the fact that the competitiveness of an organization relies, to a large extent on the personality of its employees. MBTI is without doubt one of the most important psychological tests in use today. Its results may therefore enable man understand his strengths and weaknesses, enhance his productivity, acquire better problem solving skills, thereby improving a better informed life.REFFERENCES1. Cooper, S. E. & Miller, J.A. (1991).MBTI learning style-teaching style discongruencies. Educational and psychological Measurement 51 699-706.2. Rosenak, C.M., Shontz, F.C. (1988), Jungian Q-sorts demonstrating construct validity for psychological type and the MBTI, Journal of Psychological Type, Vol. 15 pp.33-45.3. Tieger, P.D. & Barron-Tieger, B. (2001). Do What You Are Discover the Perfect Career for You Through the Secret o f Personality Type. Boston Little, Brown, and Co.4. Walsh, W.B. & Holland, J.L. (1992) A theory of personality types and work environments. In Person-Environment Psychology Models and Perspectives (ed. by W.B. Walsh et al.), pp. 35-69. Hillsdale, N.J. Lawrence Erlbaum.5. Williamson, J. (2003) Instruction to the Myers-Briggs Personality Types and Holland Vocational Personality Types of Engineering Students, Journal of Engineering Education195-203., Vol. 12 pp. 14-16.1 Rosenak, C.M., Shontz, F.C. (1988), defines psychometrics as a branch of psychology that deals with design, administration and interpretation of quantitative psychological tests. 2 According to Coffield, F. Ecclestone, K. Hall, E. & Moseley, D (2004), this last trait is not included in the MBTI test. 3 Walsh, W.B. & Holland, J.L. (1992) state that it was thus spell out by Myers rather than the conventional extroversion. 4Cooper, S.E. & Miller, J.A. (1991) explains that it is from this aspect that it acquired its referr ed to as the forced format. 5 Cooper, S. E. & Miller, J.A. (1991).From the above discussion on construct validity, it is evident that it is a weakness of the test.

American History Essay

In the aftermath of the wars waged with the other European countries, vying with each other to subjugate and exploit the American continent, Britain emerged as the sole majestic Power in North America. Nevertheless, the cost was prohibitive and this compel take the British to impose additional taxes, which were very much resented by the people in the colonies. The authorities who had been decreed by the government in England, made it very clear that taxes would be imposed by England and that the colonial subjects would perforce have to abide with such legislation (Johnson and Woloch).The colonies had elected assemblies and these were deemed to be protection against the avaricious British and the governors appointed by them. A major objective of these assemblies was to mitigate the power of the British over them. The squall of the colonists was that after having fought in the wars, provided most of the finances for the war and having sustained losses, they would once again have to pay taxes to prop up the profligate British. Moreover, the colonists were fiercely item-by-item and brooked no interference in their affairs.Accordingly, they were unwilling to pay taxes to the British and felt that the only taxes that they had to pay should go into the coffers of their own colonies (Johnson and Woloch). To this end the British government introduced the stamp Act, which levied a tax on commercial transactions, newspapers and gambling. This act was strongly opposed by the colonists and had to be eventually abandoned in the year 1766. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Charles Townshend, introduced a number of taxes in 1767. These were to be imposed on the import of tea, glass, lead, paper and paint.Moreover, such imports could only be made from Britain. When the colonists agitated against these taxes, their assemblies were dissolved and repressive measures were choose against them, resulting in the death of civilians in Boston, on whom the Redcoats fired indiscrimi nately. Most of these taxes were subsequently, repealed, with the exception of that on tea. The redoubtable colonists boycotted tea (Johnson and Woloch). In 1773, a shipload of tea was dumped into the ocean at Boston. This increased the brutality of the British, who brought about legislation that was clearly meant to crush the colonists.In 1774, the colonist responded to this British barbarism, by inaugurating a Colonial Congress at Philadelphia. The resolution passed at this congress, which was conveyed to the despots back home in England, was that taxation and other legislation was to be enacted only by the colonial assemblies and not the British Parliament. The English retaliated by declaring the colonies as being in rebellion and deployed its hated army. The colonists fought tooth and nail against their oppressors and managed to drive the British army out of their colonies.To compound the felony, the English hired some(prenominal)what thirty thousand odd German mercenaries to fight against the colonists (Johnson and Woloch). This was the last nail in the coffin, and the colonists decided to secede from the overbearing British. Accordingly, the declaration of independence was formulated in 1776. The British had a large, come up armed, well trained and highly experienced force at its disposal. However, as the colonists had only to demonstrate that they could not be defeated and as the terrain was not only unfamiliar but also vast, the British failed to make significant headway against them.The British tasted defeat at Saratoga and this prompted the French to provide support to the colonists. Finally at Yorktown, the Red Coats, led by Cornwallis were besieged on land by the glorious American troops led by that paragon of virtue, George Washington on the sea the French Navy ensured that the despicable British could not make good their escape. The oppressors were forced to surrender in the lead the valor and indomitable spirit of the Americans. In 1783, t he loathsome and rapacious British recognized America as an independent country, much to their chagrin (Johnson and Woloch).Right from the parentage of measures to rescind the rule of the British, the colonies had unanimously rejected the British Constitution. The different states of the Union were in favor of implementing their own constitutions. Since, the federal government was in favor of a uniform constitution, this led to quite a few disputes among the states and the federal government. After the revolutionary war had ended a wide range of disputes arose between the states and the federal government. In addition, there were a few disputes between several states of the budding tribe.There were economic disputes, political disputes and differences in the ideologies of these states. The disputes had emerged as an aftereffect of the French regeneration and hence there was an immediate need to resolve them. President Jefferson had undertaken several measures to resolve these is sues, but was unable to sort them out entirely. This led the rulers of the US to criticism the situation and it was established that the US had to rescind its relations with Europe and renovate the entire code of administration, which had a European background.It was realized that the fundamental issues to be choose were self reliance and an enterprising spirit (GREAT BRITAIN-U. S. RELATIONS , 1991). The incomparable James Madison was the fourth US President. He was the greatest political theorist of his time. The efforts protracted by him towards the success of the American Revolution were prodigious. He also strived hard to streng because the US in its early days. His was the principal impetus to the implementation of the US Constitution. Madison was the leader of the Republican Party.His main objective was to establish a national government that represented the people and not the states. In this endeavor he represented the aspiration of the states to oppose any measure to cont rol their respective administrative powers. His vision was that such a national government would resolve the disputes efficaciously between the states of the union. He contributed vastly to the establishment of federalist governance, and he was successful in achieving his goal. The first ten Constitutional Amendments were introduced by him and they are known as the account of rights. These amendments, serve as a check on federal power.The states of the Union have been protected to a major extent by the bill of rights (Madison, James, 1991). The economies of some of the southern states were mainly agrarian and dependent on slavery. The northern states had become wealthy due to industrialization. In that situation, Abraham Lincoln was elected as the US President. He liberated the slaves through his Proclamation of Emancipation. This drastic measure resulted in the US Civil War in the year 1861. The Civil War lasted for four years. Eventually, in 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted, which ended the practice of slavery.The Civil War also came to an end during that time (abolitionism, 2005). Subsequently, the political system became fortified and democracy was well established in that period. The common mans rights were protected through the Bill of Rights introduced by James Madison. All the political parties, without exception, cooperated in the process of nation building. These efforts resulted in a United States, which is the only superpower in the world. In this manner, the citizens of the US had always opposed measures by the government to curtail their rights.First the British and then the federal government, had to countenance the wrath of the American populace in this regard.Works Citedabolitionism . 2005. 16 December 2007 http//www. credoreference. com/entry. jsp? xrefid=6400501&secid=. 2. -abolitionism. GREAT BRITAIN-U. S. RELATIONS . 1991. 16 December 2007 . Johnson, Paul E and Nancy Woloch. United States History . Micr osoft Student 2008 DVD. Redmond, WA Microsoft Corporation, 2007. Madison, James. 1991. 16 December 2007 .

Tourism Development In Sikkim Essay

Tourism stupefyment in Sikkim has passed through many phases.At Government train the development of tourer facilities was taken up in a planned manner.The Government took several significant steps. A State Policy on touristry was announced in 1992. Later in 2000,The Tourism formulated a comprehensive plan for achieving a sustainable growth in tourism. In 2001, The Ecotourism and Conservation Society of Sikkim (ECOSS) is a registered NGO and operates out of Gangtok, ECOSS believes in the conservation of biodiversity, local culture, promotion of sustainable livelihoods through community mobilisation and empowerment. It conceptualised and hosted the South Asian Regional Conference on Ecotourism (SARCE 2002) at Gangtok with the International Ecotourism Society (TIES) and the Ministry of Tourism which essentially brought ecotourism into the development profile of the North Eastern States and put Sikkim on the ecotourism map of India. ECOSS has successfully executed the Sikkim Himalaya n Home stay intent funded by UNESCO under their Cultural & Ecotourism in Mountain Regions of Central and South Asia programme from 2004-2007 for promotion of community home stay in Yuksom, Dzongu, Kewzing and Pastanga through force chassising of ecotourism service supportrs.ECOSS has been a pick up player in The Gangtok Water Supply and Sanitation Scheme sound projection funded by the Australian Government International Development Assistance (AUSAID) Programme under their Community Small Grants Scheme. It has been actively involved in the improvement of water supply, sanitization and solid waste commission in Greater Gangtok area covering 55 various schemes and benefiting over 26,000 people.ECOSS has executed the Rural Tourism Cluster Project funded by NABARD for the promotion of community based home stays and ecotourism activities in the villages of Rey Mindu in East Sikkim and Lingee Payong in South Sikkim. ECOSS continues to conduct numerous awareness and mental ability b uilding trainings in the ecotourism sector both within Sikkim and in the North Eastern states.ECOSS has conducted a pilot project for the revival of the ancient weaving habituate of giant nettle fiber cloth amongst the Lepcha community of Dzongu. It has also provided consultancy services on ecotourism for the ADB funded SASEC Tourism Infrastructure Project in Sikkim In 2011 ECOSS has been instrumental in creating the Vision Document for Quality Elementary Education for the Human Resource Development section, GoS.ECOSS is also currently engaged in the JICA funded Sikkim Biodiversity and Forest Management Project covering the North DistrictDefinition think to Sikkim Ecotourism1. Ecotourism A form of tourism that involves travelling to natural areas with the precise objectives of learning, admiring and enjoying nature and its wild plants and animals as wholesome as local peoples heathenish aspects including religious monuments, while conserving the natural and social environment, and improving the welfare of the local people.2. Ecotourism Activities Activities coordinated by a qualified nature and cultural interpreter jut outed to entertain and educate clients. Examples of above mentioned activities are- a. activities in mountains such as trekking, bird and wildlife watching, hiking, photography, mountaineering etc b. activities in rivers and lakes such as angling, rafting, kayaking, photography etc c. participating in cultural and traditional events such as agro-tourism, handicraft making, fairs and festivals and Himalayan folkways.3. Sustainable Ecotourism Development Development of ecotourism in the State of Sikkim, which meets the needs and aspirations of the current generation without compromising the ability to meet the needs of future generations.4. Ecotourism Assets Natural and cultural features that attract visitors, such as landscapes, autochthonal or rare flora and fauna, local agricultural products, local culture including festivals, local fol ktales, history, historical monuments and heritage sites.5. Ecotourism Products A combination of activities and services which are interchange and managed through qualified ecotour operators including local communities or individuals.6. Ecotourism Services Services including transportation, local cuisine, camping, home stay, guiding and interpretation. These services should cause minimum damage to the natural and cultural environment and promote a better understanding of the natural and cultural aspects of an area .7. Interpretation Communication that helps visitors to understand and appreciate the community resources. Interpretation includes facts, however also reveals the reason of the importance of those facts so that visitors are able to understand why the resources should matter to the individual visitors. Interpreter is a person who provides interpretation in natural and cultural areas, interpretation center, parks and etc.Sikkim ecotourism councilThe Sikkim Ecotourism Counc il will be an autonomous council as outlined in the organizational diagram. The Sikkim Ecotourism Council will have an penalize arm which is the Ecotourism Directorate (ED) working under the Forest, Environment and Wildlife Management discussion section (FEWMD). The Council will have a local village level operational strategy which incorporates various Community-Based Organizations (CBO) working in tandem with panchayet, Non Governmental Organisation, Tourism Development Committee (TDC), Self-help Groups (SHG) and former(a) local peoples representative groups.Members of Sikkim Ecotourism Council are as follows.Chief Patron Chief MinisterTwo Patrons Minister of Forest and Minister of Tourism, Chairman Chief Secretary Member Secretary PCCF-cum-Secretary, Forest Department (FEWMD)Member Chief Wildlife WardenMember Secretary, Tourism DepartmentMember Secretary, Rural Management & Development Department Member Secretary, Animal Husbandry, Livestock, Fisheries and Veterinary S ervices Department Member Secretary, Home DepartmentMember Secretary, Sports & Youth affairsMember Director, Ecotourism DirectorateMember Person of National Ecotourism Expertise Member National take aim NGOMembers Four Local Level NGO and CBOMember Travel Agent Association of Sikkim (TAAS)Role of ecotourism councila. bring all report stakeholders on a common platform of understanding of ecotourism activities .b. coordinate all key stakeholders to work on theecotourism activities carried and reflect their opinion to the activitiesc. fix guidelines for ecotourism, and revise them in citation with the key stakeholders including NGO, CBO, local communities, tour operators, tour agents and relevant disposal authorities from time to time as per the requirements d. ensure that the new guidelines are consistent with the Code of bear on for responsible tourism prepared by the Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India and adopted by Dept of Tourism and Civil Aviation (Govt. of Sikkim)e . monitor the activities of ecotourism to ensure minimum negative impacts on the biodiversity and ecosystems of Sikkim. emphasis should be on the carrying capacity of the Protected Areas (PAs) in Sikkim including Khangchendzonga National Park (KNP)f. evaluate the negative impacts brought by ecotourism activities and existing rules and regulations, and review and revise the rules in consultation with the stakeholders which have direct or indirect influence to the ecotourism activities as and when inevitableg. review and finalise a draft ecotourism action plan and a semipermanent development plan which are prepared by EDh. monitor the trainings and capacity building carried out by ED i. monitor and influence the activities of finish entities which violate the main principles of Sikkim Ecotourism, through relevant organizationsj. request tour operators, guides and home stay owners to provide information on Sikkims ecotourism products and ecotourism services, since this information is needed for readiness and monitoring of ecotourism activitiesRole of ecotourism Directorate of SikkimRole of ecotourism council is as follows(A) envisionning and Developmenti. ensure the implementation and execution of the ecotourism guidelines ii. coordinate with the Home Department, and other related key political sympathies organizations in border sensitive ecotourism sites to ensure the smooth operation of ecotourism activities iii. implement the strategies described in Sikkim Ecotourism Policy iv. organize seminars, workshops and international conferences among concerned government officials, NGO, CBO, and other stakeholders, from time to time so as to consider the emerging needs/suggestions etc from all sections of society.(B) Financingi. monitor the revenue generation and allocation of specie for the development of ecotourism ii. develop a plough back mechanism with an autonomous status for funds generated for sustainability of ecotourism related activities.(C) Operatio n and Managementi. work in close collaboration with NGO and state level of CBO to implement the ecotourism activities ii. collaborate with NGO, CBO, TDC, SHG and other local peoples representative groups to implement the ecotourism activities at the village level iii. set standards for the carrying capacity in the Protected Areas and other Reserved Areas to prevent damage to the biodiversity and ecosystems iv. publish newsletters, bulletins, pamphlets, status reports and other information and disseminate important government notifications and rules v. ensure visitors, tour operators, tour agencies and guides to follow the prescribed guidelines.(D) Monitoring, Evaluation and Researchi. monitor the environmental impacts which are caused by tourism activities and plan/take necessary remedial measures to mitigate the same ii. enlist ecotourism operators in the state and monitor their activities iii. facilitate scientific assessment of relatively unexplored ecotourism destinations for th eir potential and promotion iv. develop participatory tourism monitoring plans in collaboration with NGO, CBO, SHG, TDC, Panchayat, EDC, PSS and JFMC v. monitor the training and capacity building programmes that are conducted by various other agencies and provide permit and cooperation Strategies for Sikkim tourism development1 Strategies for planning, zoning and modelling for the Ecotourism sites and other general tourism sites are a. FEWMD and Tourism Department work together to order the tourism regularizes and general tourism zones b. prior to establishment of the tourism zoning, plan consultations with the local NGO, CBO, TDC, SHG and other local peoples representative groups as well as key government organizations such as Rural Management and Development Department on the issue of the ecotourism zoning at each area c. establish zonings for tourism development sites, which will be called tourism zone hereafter,and general tourism development zone, and differentiate the two zones in Sikkimd. select villages from the tourism zone and establish a model from each district and focus on efforts on allocating finance, manpower for capacity building and facilities and equipments, and disseminate the successful cases to the other ecotourism zone e. make some variation of the tourism zone which has specific objectives such as, tourism zones for trekking, tourism zones for bird watching, tourism zones for flower photography f. regulate the design and appearance of new ecotourism infrastructures such as, accommodations, view points, footpaths, and restaurants that blend with the landscape etcStrategies for Training and Capacity BuildingStrategies for training and capacity building area. train and build the capacity of local communities including home stay owners, youth and womens groups who wish to engage on ecotourism activities. The topic of the training and capacity building are specific themes such as, environmental education, home stay management, waste mana gement, computing, finance, ecotour program designing, interpretation, risk management, cooking local cuisine, guides for trekking, bird watching, fauna and flora photography, angling, rafting, religious monuments and languages b. prepare and provide training materials including training manuals, text books and training courses c. provide technical capacity building for tour operators, CBO, NGO, frontline staff of FEWMD as well as various stakeholders including STDC, EDC, JFMC, PSS and Panchayat d. identify village level CBOs engaging on ecotourism activities, and provide necessary capacity building to them e. identify and review the existing regulations and bye-laws and other proud issues related village level ecotourism activities. Support CBO to clarify those issues prior to commence the ecotourism activitiesf. plan certificate courses for nature interpreters and ecotour guides for trekking, bird watching, fauna and flora photography and other activities g. identify low season i ncome generation activities to complement ecotourism such as handicraft souvenirs, food and fruit processing, production, repairing and maintenance of adventure equipments h. provide training and capacity building to FEWMD staff as well as Tourism Department staff within the state to understand the clearmeaning of ecotourism as an handicraft supported and monitored by FEWMD to be driven by CBO. Strategies for Benefiting the Economically Disadvantaged People Strategies for Benefiting the Economically Disadvantaged People are a. facilitate self employment opportunities for the economically disadvantaged people in ecotourism enterprisesb. encourage supply of goods and services to tourism enterprises by the economically disadvantaged people c. facilitate direct gross sales of local goods and services to visitors by the economically disadvantaged people (informal economy) d. encourage establishment and running of tourism enterprises by the economically disadvantaged people e.g. micro , half-size and medium sized enterprises, or community based enterprises (formal economy) e. set up systems of voluntary support by tourism enterprises and tourists to the economically disadvantaged people.Strategies for SafetyStrategies for sentry duty areEnsure to have insurance set by all the tour operators, guides, tour agents whose clients may have accidents and injuries during their trip, and guides to carry first aid equip when they are in the field with their clients proposal training and issuing certificates system for safety including risk management. The training will focus on methods of risk management avoid problems, medication to save clients and quick rescue operation to all the tour operators, guides, tour agents whose clients may have accidents and injuries caused by the engagement of tourism activitiesPlan a system of notifying landslides high risk areas as well as other dangerous places for visitors by ED to the tour operators, tour agents, guides and drivers o f vehicles through the related associations on a regular basisDevelop a series of hazardous maps of ecotourism sites (places, characteristics of hazardous, etc.) in Sikkim in sustainable manner and update it regularlyPlan a quick response team for an event of any kinds of accidents relatedecotourism activitiesPlan a system of emergency call for medical doctors an event of visitors illness or injuries.Strategies for CertificationStrategies for certification arePlan a committee which includes STDC, TAAS, SAATO, TDC, NGO and CBO to work on certification related to the ecotourism activities (e.g. home stay, tour operators, environmental friendly lodges) The certification process has to be transparent based on specific guidelines which are monitored through social auditing ED, STDC, TAAS, SAATO, TDC, NGO and CBO work together to identify necessary certification items related to ecotourism activities such as renewable energy, ecotour guide. They will plan further courses for the identifi ed items.Strategies for FinanceStrategies for finance arePlan a mechanism of financial system through banks at reasonable interest rates targeting the local people who wish to engage in tourism activities avouch the financial system to the people in Sikkim including the local villagers

Entrepreneurial Marketing: The Critical Difference Essay

Introductions usu eachy have three partspresentation of the problem or the research inquirypurpose and focus of the online topicsummary or overview of the writers position or argumentsAs you mass see, a thoughtfully pen introduction can endure a blueprint for the entire research paper.In the first part of the introduction, the presentation of the problem, or the research inquiry, state the problem or express it so that the question is implied. Then, sketch the background on the problem and review the literature on it to give your refs a context to come on them how your research inquiry fits into the intercourse currently ongoing in your subject ara. You may tell wherefore this problem has been a problem, why previous attempts have failed to solve it, or why you think this busy burthen or angle to the problem is important. You can also mention what benefits are to be gained from solving this problem or exploring this subject field from your perspective.In the second part of the introduction, state your purpose and focus. Here, you may even present your actual thesis. Sometimes your purpose pedagogy can take the speckle of the thesis by letting your reader know your intentions. Some writers like to delay presenting their thesis, especially if their readers may not be ready to accept it.The ternary part, the summary or overview of the paper, briefly leads readers through the discussion, forecasting the main ideas and giving readers a blueprint for the paper.This example of a well-organized introduction provides such a blueprint. slip of an IntroductionEntrepreneurial Marketing The Critical DifferenceIn an article in the Harvard Business Review, John A. Welsh and Jerry F. White remind us that a small business is not a little big business. An entrepreneur is not a multinational conglomerate but a profit-seeking individual. To survive, he essential have a unalike outlook and must apply different principles to his endeavors than does the president o f a large or even medium-sized corporation. Not only does the scale of small and big businesses differ but small businesses also suffer from what the Harvard Business Review article calls resource poverty. This is a problem and opportunity that requires an entirely different approach to marketing.Where large ad budgets are not necessary or feasible, where expensive ad production squanders limited capital, where every marketing clam must do the work of two dollars, if not five dollars or even ten, where a persons company, capital, and material well-being are all on the linethat is, where guerrilla marketing can save the day and secure the bottom line. (Levinson, 1984, p. 9)In this example, the first sentence gives us the general pedantic conversation that this article will join. Sentence 2 narrows the discussion slightly to the entrepreneur. Sentence 3 explains why the entrepreneur and the small business are different and suggests the research question How does the entrepreneur w ith his business principles differ from the corporate CEO and big business principles? Sentence 4 again places the discussion here at bottom the schoolman conversation about entrepreneurs and slants the subject to resource poverty.Sentence 5 suggests why this issue is significant and even hints that perhaps it hasnt been covered sufficiently. The cause is defining his research space, where his research will fit in the conversation. The last and longest sentence succinctly summarizes the areas covered in this article and presents the thesis statement . . . that is, where guerrilla marketing can save the day and secure the bottom line.As an aside, notice that the title of our example has two parts. Readers use such academic titles to select articles and to get a quick sense of what an article is about. Academic titles can state the research question, summarize the thesis or purpose, or be written as a two-part title with a colon. As in this example, the first part of the title give s the context of the article,the academic discussion, and the second part gives the slant of the article, this writers special research space in the conversation.By reviewing the introductions to research articles in the discipline in which you are writing your research paper, you can get an idea of what is considered the norm for that discipline. Study several of these before you begin your paper so that you know what may be expected. If you are un trusted of the shape of introduction your paper needs, ask your instructor for more information. As an added note, the introduction is usually written in present tense.The Methods divisionThe methods section of your research paper should describe in detail what methodology and special materials, if any, you used to think through or perform your research. You should include any materials you used or knowing for yourself, such as questionnaires or interview questions, to generate data or information for your research paper. You pauper ization to include any methodologies that are specific to your particular field of study, such as lab procedures for a lab experiment or data-gathering instruments for field research. If you are writing a literary research paper, you would want to use the methodologies scholars use to examine texts and place the author and the literary piece into its literary and historical context. If you are writing a business management research paper, you would want to use the methodologies that place your discussion in the context of business and economics.Next to your own critical review of the scholarship in your discipline, your teacher is the opera hat source of what methodologies are used in it. Many writers of research begin with this section because it is often the easiest to write. This section is usually written in past tense.The Results subdivisionHow you present the results of your research depends on what kind of researchyou did, your subject matter, and your readers expectations. Quantitative information, data that can be measured, can be presented systematically and economically in tables, charts, and graphs. Quantitative information includes quantities and comparisons of sets of data. If you are unfamiliar with the conventions, you may find it challenging to present quantitative findings. You may include some commentary to explain to your reader what your findings are and how to read them.The distinction between the results section and the discussion section is not always so clear-cut. Although many writers think you should simply present and hatch your findings on the data you have collected, others believe some evaluation and commentary on your data may be appropriate and even necessary here. You and your teacher can decide how strict you want to be in this decision.Qualitative information, which includes brief descriptions, explanations, or instructions, can also be presented in prose tables. This kind of descriptive or explanatory information, howeve r, is often presented in essay-like prose or even lists.There are specific conventions for creating tables, charts, and graphs and organizing the information they contain. In general, you should use these only when you are sure they will enlighten your readers rather than confuse them. In the accompanying explanation and your discussion, always refer to the graphic by number and explain specifically what you are referring to. Give your graphic element a descriptive caption as well. The rule of thumb for presenting a graphic is first to introduce it by name, show it, and then interpret it. You can consult a textbook, such as Lannons Technical Writing for more information and guidance. The results section is usually written in past tense.The Discussion SectionYour discussion section should generalize on what you have learned from your research. One way to generalize is to explain the consequences or meaning ofyour results and then make your points that support and refer back to the st atements you made in your introduction. Your discussion should be organized so that it relates directly to your thesis. You want to obviate introducing new ideas here or discussing tangential issues not directly related to the exploration and discovery of your thesis. This section, along with the introduction, is usually written in present tense.The Conclusions and Recommendations SectionSome academic research assignments might end with the discussion and not need a separate completions and recommendations section. Often, in shorter assignments, your conclusion is just a carve up or two added to the discussion section. In many of your research assignments, however, you will be asked to provide your conclusions and recommendations in your research paper.Conclusions unify your research results and discussion and magnify on their significance to your thesis. Your conclusion ties your research to your thesis, binding together all the main ideas in your thinking and writing. By prese nting the logical outcome of your research and thinking, your conclusion answers your research inquiry for you and your readers. Your conclusions should relate directly to the ideas presented in your introduction section and not present any new ideas.You may be asked to present your recommendations one at a time in your research assignment. If so, you will want to add some elements to your conclusion section. For example, you may be asked to recommend a course of action, make a prediction, visualize a solution to a problem, offer a judgment, or speculate on the implications and consequences of your ideas. The conclusions and recommendations section is usually written in present tense.

And Still We Rise – Essay

If you had different hardships in your life would you be a different person? The adjudicate is most likely yes. A persons character is based upon the experiences they have been through. Adversity has the effect of eliciting talents which in prosperous circumstances would have lain dormant, Horace. In And Still We Rise by Miles Corwin, Corwin shares the lives of inner city kids who still strive to succeed and go to college although the circumstances they are dealt with have told them otherwise. Some of the kids that dealt with bad manpower were Toya, Olivia, and Willie.The struggles that they went through are impetuous. Growing up, Toya never knew her biological father. Instead she lived with her mom and stepfather. Toya would often see the two arguing and eventu everyy it came to her stepfather beating her mother up on his drinking binges. Finally her mother getting so tired of this abuse grabbed her two daughters and took shelter. Although, once Toyas mother could not afford the periodical shelter fee she arranged for her girls and herself to stay with a friend. When she went home one day to get the girls clothes her husband strangled her to death.Toya walked in the bathroom to surface her mother dead on the floor. After the murder of her mother, Toya and her sister were sent to a separate home and later to their aunts house. Toya was sexually mistreat by her stepfather who had a huge effect on her. She later became pregnant and gave birth to a boy during her junior year. This ruined a lot for her in school. She was now handout to study at home, return to high school the next year and attend college. I didnt have m to approximate about tomorrow. I had to survive today, (47).Her plans were completely ruined when both her aunt and cousin kicked her out. She could not graduate from high school but instead got her GED and exit attend college with the help of her church. Like Toya, Willies parents were divorced. Willie lived with his mother and siblings u ntil she was arrested. His mother had an addiction to cocaine and often left her children home for long periods of time. They were then separated into some(prenominal) different houses never to live with together again. Willie ended up living with his dad who was constantly working.He strived in school because he didnt want to end up like his parents. One afternoon Willie saw his mother passed out in a yard in the neighborhood. When things went wrong, all Willie could do was margin call and be sad because he really had no one to turn to. Later in the year, Willie became homecoming king which symbolized to him that he did not let the by reflect the way he would end up. Being named homecoming king was a powerful symbol to him that his past had not defined him nor deterred him from success, (244).He holy high school and later went to Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia for business. Willie did not let what his mother did or the lack of authority affect his success in going to co llege and quitting the cycle of his parents. From the beatings her mother gave her to going AWOL after hating foster homes, Olivias life was far from perfect. When Olivia was a teenager she was a ward of the county, hopping from one group home to another. Other girls would steal her clothes and chase her around with a hot iron.She went AWOL shortly after that, living in her own apartment, having a crazy work schedule, that was just her life. Whenever she had financial issues she would return to her social worker and yet again be put into a foster home. One time she went AWOL though and couldnt afford rent anymore, she was going to drop out of high school, when her counselor, Braxton, convinced her otherwise. I dont think beau ideal coiffe you do good, or the devil makes you do evil. In the end its up to you, Olivia said one day in English stratum (Corwin 43).Unfortunately, Olivia didnt always make the right choices. She was caught forging a check, but because she does not have an y parents she was sent to jail to serve time. This all happened during Olivias senior year so she couldnt take her AP exam but was allowed to finish high school. She was released from jail in time for college and went. She is now doing extremely soundly and helping kids in group homes every Saturday morning. Through hard times, good times will shine through.These kids were given such difficult lives and it was their decision to do what that wanted with their lives. It is a lot harder to succeed when you have so much hate around you, but a lot of these students decided to persevere and make a better life for themselves. Remember the past. Cherish the present. Conquer the future, (398). Those were the encouraging words of Danielle, who was the valedictorian, during graduation. If everyone could just remember that saying, it would be a better world and all those hard trials would all be worth it.

Reading skill Essay

highlight or Underlining Key Ideas When you foreground or underscore key words and estimations, you argon identifying the most important social functions of the school applyual matter. Theres an important skill at work here You whoremastert highlight or underline everything, so you build to distinguish between the facts and stems that ar most important (major ideas) and those facts and ideas that atomic number 18 sponsorful except non so important (minor or supporting ideas). lavishlylight wholly the major ideas, so you striket turn back up with a text thats completely highlighted. An effectively highlighted text leave alone strain for an easy and fruitful review. When you jump back, youll be memoriseily reminded of the ideas that be most important to remember. Highlighting or underlining major points as you read likewise all told toldows you to retain more information from the text. Skim frontwards and jump back. Mark up the text. Make speci? c observations ab turn out the text. Skimming Ahead and Jumping venture Skimming ahead enables you to see whats coming up in your culture. Page th boisterous the text youre about to read. take note how the text is broken win, what the main topics are, and the order in which they are covered. Notice key words and ideas that are boldfaced, bulleted, boxed, or otherwisewise highlighted.Skimming through the text beforehand leave behind prepare you for what you are about to read. Its a lot like memorisefineing out the hills and curves in the family before a cross-country race. If you spang whats ahead, you know how to pace yourself, so youre brisk to handle whats to come. When you ? nish your reading, jump back. Review the summaries, headings, and highlighted information in the text. Notice both what the author highlighted and what you highlighted. By jumping back, you help solidify in your mind the ideas and information you just read. Youre reminded of how each idea ?ts into the whole, how ideas and information are connected. When you make connections between ideas, youre much more apt(predicate) to remember them. Circling strange Words One of the most important habits to develop is that of circling and looking up unfamiliar words and phrases. If possible, fore beginnert sit down to read without a dictionary by your billet. It is not uncommon for the marrow of an entire curse to hinge on the meaning of a single word or phrase, and if you applyt know what that word or phrase means, you wont under put forward the sentence. Besides, this habit enables you to quickly and steadilyexpand your vocabulary, so youll be a more con? dent reader and speaker. If you striket have a dictionary readily available, try to determine the meaning of the word as go around you rear from its backgroundthat is, the words and ideas around it. (Theres more on this topic in Lesson 3. ) Then, make sure you look up the word as soon as possible so youre sure of its meaning. Marking Up t he Text Marking up the text creates a sharpen physical link between you and the words youre reading. It forces you to pay closer attention to the words you read and takes you to a higher level of comprehension. Use these threestrategies to mark up text x HOW TO drug ab consumption THIS BOOK Making Marginal Notes Recording your interrogates and reactions in the margins turns you from a passive receiver of information into an brisk participant in a dialogue. (If youre reading a library book, draw up your reactions in a notebook. ) You result nark much more out of the ideas and information you read about if you create a conversation with the writer. Here are some examples of the kinds of reactions you top executive write down in the margin or in your notebook Making Observations Good readers know that writers apply many divergentstrategies to express their ideas. rase if you know very little about those strategies, you can make useful observations about what you read t o relegate understand and remember the authors ideas. You can notice, for example, the authors choice of words the bodily structure of the sentences and separates any repetition of words or ideas important details about people, places, and things and so on. This step do observationsis essential because your observations (what you notice) lead you to logical inferences about what you read. Inferences are conclusions based on reason, fact, or evidence.You are perpetually making inferences based on your observations, even when youre not reading. For example, if you notice that the sky is full of dark, toilsome clouds, you might infer that it is going to rain if you notice that your coworker has a stack of gardening books on her desk, you might infer that she likes gardening. If you misunderstand what you read, it is often because you havent looked closely comely at the text. As a result, you base your inferences on your own ideas and experiences, not on whats actually written in the text. You end up forcing your own ideas on the author(rather than audition to what the author has to say) and indeed forming your own ideas about it. Its critical, consequently, that you begin to veritablely pay attention to what writers say and how they say it. If any of this sounds confusing now, dont worry. Each of these ideas go forth be thoroughly explained in the less(prenominal)ons that fol measly. In the mean time, start practicing active reading as best you can. Begin by taking the pretest. Questions often come up when you read. They whitethorn be answered subsequently in the text, but by that time, you whitethorn have forgotten the question And if yourquestion isnt answered, you may requisite to discuss it with someone Why does the writer describe the new welfare policy as unfair? or Why does the character react in this way? Agreements and disagreements with the author are stand out to arise if youre actively reading. Write them down Thats not necessarily tru e or This policy makes a lot of sense to me. Connections you note can be either between the text and something that you read earlier or between the text and your own experience. For example, I remember feeling the resembling way when I . . . or This is similar to what happenedin China. Evaluations are your way of keeping the author honest. If you recollect the author isnt providing suf? cient support for what he or she is saying or that theres something abuse with that support, say so He says the dropping of the bomb was inevitable, but he doesnt explain wherefore or This is a very sel? sh reason. xi READING COMPREHENSION SUCCESS IN 20 proceedings A DAY Pretest B efore you start your study of reading skills, you may want to get an idea of how much you already know and how much you emergency to learn. If thats the case, take the pretest that get marrieds.The pretest consists of 50 multiple-choice questions diligence all the lessons in this book. Naturally, 50 questions cant cover every single c at oncept or strategy you ordain learn by working through this book. So even if you get all the questions on the pretest right, its almost guaranteed that you will ? nd a few ideas or reading tactics in this book that you didnt already know. On the other hand, if you get many questions wrong on this pretest, dont despair. This book will show you how to read more effectively, step by step. You should use this pretest to get a general idea of how much you already know.If you get a high score, you may be able to spend less time with this book than you originally planned. If you get a low score, you may ? nd that you will need more than 20 minutes a day to get through each chapter and improve your reading skills. Theres an answer sheet you can use for ? lling in the refuse answers on page 3. Or, if you prefer, simply circle the answer numbers in this book. If the book doesnt belong to you, write the numbers 150 on a piece of constitution and record your ans wers there. Take as much time as you need to do this short test. When you ?nish, check your answers against the answer key at the end of this lesson. Each answer offers the lesson(s) in this book that teaches you about the reading strategy in that question. 1 LEARNINGEXPRESS ANSWER SHEET 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b 3 c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c d d d d d d d d d dd d d d d d d 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d PRETEST Pretest The pretest consists of a series of reading passages with questions that follow to test your co mprehension. Cultural touch on Adds Classes for Young Adults The Allendale Cultural Center has expanded its arts program to intromit classes for young adults. Director Leah Martin announced Monday that beginning in September, three new classes will be offered to the Allendale community.The stemma titles will be Yoga for Teenagers Hip Hop Dance Learning the Latest Moves and Creative Journaling for Teens Discovering the Writer Within. The latter(prenominal) course will not be held at the Allendale Cultural Center but instead will meet at the Allendale Public Library. Staff member Tricia Cousins will teach the yoga and hip hop classes. Ms. Cousins is an concluded choreographer as well as an experienced dance educator. She has an MA in dance education from Teachers College, capital of South Carolina University, where she wrote a thesis on the pedagogical effectiveness of dance education.The journaling class will be taught by Betsy Milford. Ms. Milford is the head librarian at the Al lendale Public Library as well as a columnist for the professional journal Library Focus. The courses are part of the Allendale Cultural Centers task Teen, which was initiated by Leah Martin, Director of the Cultural Center. check to Martin, this project is a direct result of her efforts to make the center a more integral part of the Allendale community. Over the last several years, the number of people who have visited the ethnical center for classes or events has steadily declined.Project Teen is primarily funded by a muni? cent give way from The McGee Arts cosmos, an organization devoted to bringing arts programs to young adults. Martin oversees the Project Teen board, which consists of ? ve board members. devil board members are students at Allendales Brookdale High School the other three are adults with background knowledges in education and the arts. The creative journaling class will be cosponsored by Brookdale High School, and students who complete the class will be g iven the opportunity to publish one of their journal entries in Pulse, Brookdales student literary magazine.Students who complete the hip hop class will be eligible to participate in the Allendale Review, an yearly concert sponsored by the heathen center that features local actors, musicians, and dancers. All classes are scheduled to begin forthwith following school dismissal, and transportation will be available from Brookdale High School to the Allendale Cultural Center and the Allendale Public Library. For more information about Project Teen, contact the cultural centers programing of? ce at 988-0099 or drop by the of? ce after June 1 to pick up a fall course catalog. The of? ce is located on the third ?oor of the Allendale Town Hall. 2. Which of the following statements is correct? a. Tricia Cousins will teach two of the new classes. b. The new classes will begin on June 1. c. People who want a complete fall catalogue should stop by the Allendale Public Library. d. The cultur al centers annual concert is called Pulse. 1. The Creative Journaling for Teens class will be cosponsored by a. The Allendale Public Library. b. The McGee Arts Foundation. c. Brookdale High School. d. Betsy Milford. 5 PRETEST 6. The title of the course Creative Journaling for Teens Discovering the Writer Within implies thata. all young people should write in a journal daily. b. teenagers do not have enough hobbies. c. writing in a journal can help teenagers become stop and more creative writers. d. teenagers are in need of guidance and direction. 3. According to Leah Martin, what was the direct cause of Project Teen? a. Tricia Cousins, the talented choreographer and dance educator, was available to teach courses in the fall. b. Community organizations were ignoring local teenagers. c. The McGee Arts Foundation wanted to be more involved in Allendales arts programming. d. She wanted to make the cultural center a moreimportant part of the Allendale community. 7. Which of the follow ing correctly states the primary subject of this article? a. Leah Martins personal ideas about young adults b. The McGee Foundations grant to the Allendale Cultural Center c. three new classes for young adults added to the cultural centers arts program d. the postulate of young adults in Allendale 4. Which of the following factors is implied as another reason for Project Teen? a. The number of people who have visited the cultural center has declined over the last several years. b. The cultural center wanted a grant from The McGee Arts Foundation.c. The young people of Allendale have complained about the cultural centers offerings. d. Leah Martin thinks classes for teenagers are more important than classes for adults. 8. This article is organized in which of the following ship canal? a. in chronological order, from the past to the future b. most important information ? rst, followed by background and details. c. background ? rst, followed by the most important information and detail s. d. as sensational news, with the most controversial topic ? rst 5. From the context of the passage, it can be determined that the word muni? cent most nearly means a.complicated. b. generous. c. curious. d. unusual. 6 PRETEST (excerpt from the theory of an untitled essay) conjuration Steinbecks Grapes of Wrath, published in 1939, was followed ten years later by A. B. Guthries The Way West. Both books chronicle a migration, though that of Guthries pioneers is considerably less bleak in origin. What strikes one at ? rst glance, however, are the commonalities. Both Steinbecks and Guthries characters are primarily farmers. They look to their destinations with nearly religious enthusiasm, imagining their promised lower the way the Biblical Israelites envisioned Canaan.Both undergo great hardship to make the trek. But the two sagas differ distinctly in origin. Steinbecks Oklahomans are forced off their drop by the banks who own their mortgages, and they follow a false promisetha t jobs await them as seasonal laborers in California. Guthries farmers willingly remove themselves, selling their land and trading their old dreams for their new hope in Oregon. The pioneers conclusion to leave their farms in Missouri and the East is frivolous and ill-founded in comparison with the Oklahomans unwilling rejoinder to displacement. Yet, it is they, the pioneers, whom our history books declare the heroes.11. Which of the following excerpts from the essay is an opinion, rather than a fact? a. Both Steinbecks and Guthries characters are primarily farmers. b. Steinbecks Oklahomans are forced off their land by the banks who own their mortgages c. John Steinbecks Grapes of Wrath, published in 1939, was followed ten years later by A. B. Guthries The Way West. d. The pioneers decision to leave their farms in Missouri and the East is frivolous and ill-founded in comparison with the Oklahomans 9. From the context of the passage, it can be determined that the word frivolous m ost nearly meansa. silly. b. high-minded. c. dif? cult. d. calculated. 10. Suppose that the author is considering following this sentence with supportive detail Both undergo great hardship to make the trek. Which of the following sentences would be in keeping with the comparison and contrast structure of the paragraph? a. The migrants in The Way West cross the Missouri, then the Kaw, and make their way overland to the Platte. b. The Oklahomans jalopies break down repeatedly, while the pioneers wagons need frequent repairs. c. Todays travelers would consider it a hardship to spend several days, let alone severalmonths, getting anywhere. d. The Joad family, in The Grapes of Wrath, loses both grandmother and grandfather before the journey is complete. 12. The language in the paragraph implies that which of the following will happen to the Oklahomans when they arrive in California? a. They will ? nd a means to practice their godliness freely. b. They will be declared national heroes. c. They will not ? nd the jobs they were promised. d. They will make their livings as mechanics rather than as farm laborers. 7 PRETEST Bill Clintons Inaugural Address (excerpt from the opening) When George cap ?rst took the oath I have just sworn to uphold, news traveled slowly across the land by horseback and across the ocean by boat. Now the sights and sounds of this ceremony are broadcast outright to billions around the terra firma. Communications and commerce are global. Investment is mobile. Technology is almost magical, and ambition for a better life is now universal. We earn our livelihood in America today in peaceful tilt with people all across the Earth. Profound and powerful forces are shaking and remaking our world, and the urgent question of our time is whether we can make change our friend and not our enemy.This new world has already enriched the lives of millions of Americans who are able to compete and win in it. But when most people are working harder for less when others cannot work at all when the cost of healthcare devastates families and nemesisens to bankrupt our enterprises, great and small when the fear of plague robs law-abiding citizens of their freedom and when millions of poor children cannot even imagine the lives we are calling them to lead, we have not make change our friend. 15. When President Clinton says that most people are working harder for less, he isa. reaching a sound conclusion based on evidence he has provided. b. reaching an unreasonable conclusion based on evidence he has provided. c. making a generalization that would require evidence before it could be con? rmed. d. making a generalization that is so obvious that evidence is not needed. 13. What is the central topic of the spoken language so far? a. how Americans can keep up with global competition b. ways in which technology has undermined our economy c. ways in which technology has improved our lives d. how change has affected America and our need to alter 14.By comparing our times with those of George Washington, Bill Clinton demonstrates a. how apparently different, but actually similar, the two eras are. b. how technology has drastically speeded up communications. c. that presidential inaugurations receive huge media attention. d. that television is a much more convincing communications tool than print. 16. Assuming that Clinton wants to add something about plague being a more serious threat in our time than in George Washingtons, which of the following sentences would be most consistent with the tone of the presidential speech? a.If Id been alive in Georges day, I would have enjoyed knowing that my wife and child could walk city streets without being mugged. b. In George Washingtons time, Americans may not have enjoyed as many luxuries, but they could rest in the awareness that their neighborhoods were safe. c. George could at least count on one thing. He knew that his family was safe from crime. d. A statistical analysis of the overall growth in crime rates since 1789 would reveal that a signi? cant increase has occurred. 8 PRETEST The Crossing Chapter I The Blue paries (excerpt from the opening of a novel by Winston Churchill)I was born under the Blue Ridge, and under that side which is blue in the evening light, in a wild land of venture and forest and speed waters. There, on the borders of a creek that runs into the Yadkin River, in a cabin that was chinked with red mud, I came into the world a subject of fag George the Third, in that part of his realm known as the province of northwesterly Carolina. The cabin reeked of corn-pone and bacon, and the odor of pelts. It had two shakedowns, on one of which I slept under a bearskin. A rough stone chimney was reared outside, and the ? replace was as long as my father was tall.There was a genus Grus in it, and a bake kettle and over it great buckhorns held my fathers ri? e when it was not in use. On other horns hung jerked bears meat and venison h ams, and gourds for sop uping cups, and bags of seed, and my fathers best hunt shirt also, in a neglected corner, several articles of womans attire from pegs. These once belonged to my mother. Among them was a gown of silk, of a ? ne, faded pattern, over which I was wont to speculate. The women at the Cross-Roads, twelve miles away, were dress in coarse butternut wool and huge sunbonnets.But when I questioned my father on these matters he would give me no answers. My father washow shall I say what he was? To this day I can only surmise many things of him. He was a Scotchman born, and I know now that he had a lissom Scotch accent. At the time of which I write, my early childhood, he was a frontiersman and hunter. I can see him now, with his hunting shirt and leggins and moccasins his powder horn, engraved with wondrous scenes his bullet pouch and tomahawk and hunting knife. He was a tall, lean man with a strange, sad face.And he talked little save when he drank too many horns, as they were called in that country. These lapses of my fathers were a perpetual source of appreciation to meand, I must say, of delight. They occurred only when a passing traveler who hit his fancy accidentd that way, or, what was almost as rare, a neighbor. Many a winter night I have lain awake under the skins, listening to a ? ow of language that held me spellbound, though I understood scarce a word of it. Virtuous and inhumane every man must be, Few in the extreme, but all in a degree. The chance neighbor or traveler was no less struck with wonder.And many the time have I heard the query, at the Cross-Roads and elsewhere, Whar Alec Trimble got his larnin? 18. Judging by the sentences surrounding it, the word surmise in the third paragraph most nearly means a. to form a negative opinion. b. to eulogy. c. to desire. d. to guess. 17. Why did the narrator enjoy it when his father drank too many horns, or drafts of liquor? a. The father spoke brilliantly at those times. b. The bo y was then allowed to do as he pleased. c. These were the only times when the father was not abusive. d. The boy was allowed to sample the drink himself.9 PRETEST 22. Which of the following adjectives best describes the region in which the cabin is located? a. remote b. urban c. verdant d. ?at 19. The mention of the dress in the second paragraph is most likely meant to a. show the simile between its proprietor and other members of the community. b. show how warm the climate was. c. show the dissimilarity between its owner and other members of the community. d. give us insight into the way most of the women of the region dressed. 23. The author most likely uses dialect when quoting the question, Whar Alec Trimble got his larnin? in order to a. show disapproval of the fathers drinking. b. show how people talked down to the narrator. c. show the speakers lack of education. d. mimic the way the father talked. 20. It can be inferred from the passage that Alec Trimble is a. a traveler . b. a neighbor. c. the narrators father. d. a poet. 21. What is the meaning of the lines of verse quoted in the passage? a. Men who pretend to be virtuous are actually vicious. b. Moderate amounts of virtuousness and viciousness are present in all men.c. Virtuous men cannot also be vicious. d. Whether men are virtuous or vicious dependson the dif? culty of their circumstances. 10 PRETEST (excerpt from a letter to a pet-sitter) Dear Lee, As I told you, Ill be kaput(p) until Wednesday morning.Thank you so much for taking on my children while Im away. Like real children, they can be kind of irritating sometimes, but Im going to enjoy myself so much more knowing theyre getting some kind human attention. Remember that Regina (the king in Latin, and she acts like one) is teething. If you dont watch her, shell pot anything, including her sister, the cat. There are plenty of chew toys around the house.Whenever she starts gnawing on anything illegal, just divert her with one of those. She generally settles right down to a tidy hour-long chew. Then youll see her wandering around whimpering with the remains of the toy in her mouth. She gets really frustrated because what she wants is to run through the thing. Shell try to dig a hole between the cushions of the couch. Finding that unsatisfactory, shell wander some more, discontent, until you solve her trouble for her. I usually show her the laundry basket, moving a few clothes so she can bury her toy beneath them. I do sound like a parent, dont I?You have to understand, my own son is practically grown up. Reginas food is the Puppy chuck in the utility room, where the other pet food is stored. Give her a bowl once in the morning and once in the evening. No more than that, no matter how much she begs. Beagles are disreputable overeaters, according to her breeder, and I dont want her to lose her missish ? gure. She can share Rex (the Kings) water, but be sure its changed daily. She needs to go out several times a day, especially last thing at night and ? rst thing in the morning. Let her stay out for about ten minutes each time, so she can do all her business.She also needs a walk in the afternoon, after which its important to romp with her for awhile in the yard. The spicy she loves most is fetch, but be sure to make her drop the freak. Shed rather play choke up of war with it. Tell her, Sit Then, when she does, say, Drop it Be sure to tell her good girl, and then delegate the ball for her. I hope youll enjoy these sessions as much as I do. Now, for the other two, Rex and Paws (letter continues) 26. According to the author, his or her attachment to the pets derives at least partially from a. their regal pedigrees and royal bearing.b.having few friends to pass the time with. c. these particular animals exceptional needs. d. a desire to continue parenting. 24. The tone of this letter is best described as a. chatty and humorous. b. logical and precise. c. con? dent and trusting. d. cond escending and preachy. 25. If the pet-sitter is a business-like professional who watches peoples pets for a living, she or he would likely prefer a. more ? rst-person revelations about the owner. b. fewer ? rst-person revelations about the owner. c. more praise for agreeing to watch the animals. d. greater detail on the animals cute behavior. 27.The information in the note is suf? cient to determine that there are three animals. They are a. two cats and a dog. b. three dogs. c. a dog, a cat, and an unspeci? ed animal. d. a cat, a dog, and a parrot. 11 PRETEST 29. From the context of the note, it is most likely that the name Rexis a. Spanish. b. English. c. French. d. Latin.28. Given that there are three animals to feed, which of the following arrangements of the feeding instructions would be most ef? cient and easiest to follow? a. all given in one list, chronologically from morning to night b. provided separately as they are for Regina,within separate passages on each animal c. g iven in the order of quantities needed, the most to the least d. placed in the midst of the letter, where they would be least likely to be overlooked.30. If the sitter is to follow the owners directions in play fetch with Regina, at what point will he or she will tell Regina good girl? a. every time Regina goes after the ball b. after Regina ? nds the ball c. when Regina brings the ball back d. after Regina drops the ball (excerpt from a pro- vote essay) Voting is the privilege for which wars have been fought, protests have been organized, and editorials have been written.No taxation without representation was a battle cry of the American Revolution. Women struggled for suffrage as did all minorities. Eighteen-year-olds clamored for the right to vote, saying that if they were old enough to go to war, they should be allowed to vote. Yet Americans have a deplorable voting history. Interviewing people about their voting habits is revealing. There are individuals who state that they h ave never voted. Often, they claim that their individual vote doesnt matter. round people blame their absence from the voting booth on the fact that they do not know enough about the issues.In a democracy, we can express our opinions to our elected leaders, but more than half(a) of us sometimes avoid choosing the people who make the policies that affect our lives. 33. By choosing the word clamored, the author implies that a. eighteen-year-olds are generally enthusiastic. b. voting was not a serious concern to eighteenyear-olds. c. eighteen-year-olds felt strongly that they should be allowed to vote. d. eighteen-year-olds do not handle themselves in an adult-like manner.31. This argument relies primarily on which of the following techniques to make its points? a. emotional assertions b. researched facts in support of an assertionc. emotional appeals to voters d. emotional appeals to nonvoters 32. Which of the following sentences best summarizes the main idea of the passage? a. Amer icans are too lazy to vote.b. Women and minorities fought for their right to vote. c. Americans do not take voting seriously enough. d. Americans do not think that elected of? cials take their opinions seriously. 12 PRETEST Improving Streamside Wildlife Habitats (excerpt from Habitat Extension Bulletin distributed by the Wyoming bouncing and Fish Department) Riparian vegetation the green band of vegetation along a watercourse can help stabilize stream banks ?lter sediment from surface runoff and provide wildlife habitat, livestock forage, and scenic value. Well-developed vegetation also allows bank soils to absorb extra water during spring runoff, releasing it later during drier months, thus astir(p) late-summer stream ? ows. In many parts of the arid West, trees and shrubs are found only in riparian areas. Woody plants are very important as winter cover for many wildlife species, including upland high birds such as pheasants and turkeys. Often this winter cover is the greatest single factor limiting game bird populations.Woody vegetation also provides hiding cover and browse for many other species of birds and mammals, both game and nongame. Dead trees (snags) are an integral part of streamside habitats and should be left standing whenever possible. Woodpeckers, nuthatches, brown creepers, and other birds eat the insects that decompose the wood. These insects usually pose no threat to nearby living trees. Occasionally a disease organism or misuse of pesticides will weaken or kill a stand of trees. If several trees in a small area begin to die, contact your local extension means immediately. 36. Assume that the author has done some otherwriting on this topic for a different audience.The other piece begins Remember the last time you walked along a stream? No enquiry thick vegetation prevented easy progress. What is the likely effect on the reader of this opening? a. an aroused interest, imputable to the reference to the readers personal experience b. re sentment, due to being addressed so personally c. loss of interest, because the opening line makes no attempt to draw the reader in d. confusion, because not every reader has walked along a stream 34. What is the effect of the word choice riparian?