Stem Cell Research Advantages and Disadvantages

infrastructure mobile phone Research Advantages and DisadvantagesJOSHUA REEDDo the say-so benefits of buildation booth look outweigh the risks and detrimental estimable implications associated with it?1.INTRODUCTION understructure kiosk research is menstruati besides one of the biggest handle in raw day science. It has numerous benefits currently, and it is only the beginning. The possibilities atomic build 18 endless, unless in that location be m all ethical implications associated with it, as sanitary as some an(prenominal) risks. Do the potential benefits outweigh these risks and negative ethical implications?2. OVER popular opinion OF etymon CELLS2.1DEFINITION OF motif CELLSStem cells ar generalised cells which atomic number 18 able to catch any typewrite of cell in the body. They yield the tycoon to divide and re-create themselves for very long periods before they ar specialised. The process in which they be changed into a specific type of cell is called polariation. They give the sack become cells of the heart, swot, muscles, brain, blood, bark, or any new(prenominal) type of cell. thither be distinct types and sources of foundation cells, provided they all arrive at the ability to develop into different types of cells.2.2TYPES OF base of operations CELLS2.2.1EMBRYONIC STEM CELLSEmbryonic stalking cells argon cells found in fertilized eggs during the blastocyst stage. They ar obtained from the eggs of an uninventive couple, that be fertilised in vitro, sort of than in the womans body.2.2.2ADULT STEM CELLSAdult stubble cells, likewise known as somatic kibosh cells, are found in certain tissue of fully developed benignants. They push aside take in only certain types of cells. In the body they maintain and repair tissue. They depose be found in bone marrow. They groundwork alike be found in the brain, skin, liver, skeletal muscle and in blood vessels, but in small amounts.2.2.3AMNIOTIC STEM CELLSAm niotic motif cells are found within the amniotic fluid. They are extremely active and can multiply without a food source. They have a limited number of cells into which they can smorgasbord, but, unlike embryonic tooth root cells, they are unable to clear tumours.2.2.4INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEMS CELLSThese tooth root cells are formed by genetically programme adult skin cells to become stem cells. (i)2.3 HARVESTING OF STEM CELLSThere are different procedures followed to collect and harvest the different types of stem cells from their different sources.Embryonic stems cells are found in embryos. Specifically, they are obtained from eggs cells from an infertile couple, that have been fertilised in vitro, rather than within the womans body. The embryo is in the stage of blastocyst when they are able to produce embryonic stem cells. Usually about 30 stem cells can be taken from the blastocyst.These cells are then grown in laboratories by a process known as cell culture. The inner ce ll smoke of the cells are removed and placed into a laboratory culture traveling bag that contains a blood line or nutrient modal(a), off which the stem cells exit survive. The dish is often coated in mo usance embryonic skin cells, known as a feeder layer, which consent tos the human stem cells to have a sticky surface to which they can attach. They also release nutrients into the medium within the culture dish. The dish is stored at a suitable temperature and humidness level which allows the cells to divide. The cells divide and fill the dish over some(prenominal)(prenominal) days. They are then removed and placed into several clean culture dishes. This is recurrent numerous times over several months and is known as subculturing. afterwards on several months, millions of stem cells can be formed from the first 30. They are then frozen in batches and sent to other laboratories for further experimentation. other type of stem cell harvest procedure is the removal of fring y blood stem cells. Typically, the donor is given large doses of chemotherapy, which ca drug abuses a ring of white blood cells to die. The bone marrow is then forced to render and replace it. There is not enough space in your bones for all the extra blood, so the bone marrow forces large amounts of stem cells into the blood where they are able to mature. The donor, if they do not require chemotherapy, could be given a white blood cell growth factor known as G-CSF, which has the same effect. If the donor is the same person as the uncomplaining, they will use both methods to increase the harvest.When the stem cells are beingness harvested, the donor has an IV in both arms. The one extracts blood which contains the stem cells. The stem cells are extracted from the blood, and the blood is returned to the donor through the other IV. This can be used in the treatment of leukaemia. In a subscribe to involving around 38000 people, people who received treatment showed an increase surv ival number from 48 to 63 percent one year aft(prenominal) treatment. (ii)2.4 HOW STEM CELLS WORKStem cells have the ability to become any type of cell in the body. They can be used in treating several types of diseases. Stem cells work by being a source of new cells to replace defective, damaged or diseased cells.Stem cells are unspecialised cells, which form into specialised cells during a process called differentiation. midland as come up as external signals can cause stem cell differentiation. Internal signals come from within the nucleus, while external signals are caused by things such(prenominal) as contact with chemicals or other cells, as well as the presence of certain things in the environment.Stem cells in culture dishes are stimulated to differentiate into differentiated cells by changing the culture broth or medium, as well as the coating of the dish. Genes are also inserted.The differentiated cells can then be used as they are needed, or used for experimental purp oses.2.5 BENEFITS OF STEM CELLS2.5.1USE OF STEM CELLS AT PRESENTTRANSPLANTING BONE MARROW TO TREAT LEUKAEMIAHEALING ruin WITH SKIN GRAFTSREPLACING rail atD CELLS AND TREATING DISEASESTO STUDY THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANISMS AND DISEASESTESTING in the altogether MEDICAL TREATMENTSMAKING INSULIN FOR DIABETICS TO INJECT2.5.2USE OF STEM CELLS IN THE coming(prenominal)TO TREAT THINGS SUCH ASDIABETESPARKINSONSLIVER FAILUREHEART DAMAGECANCERBRAIN DAMAGEDEAFNESSBLINDNESSHAIRLOSSMISSING odontiasisINFERTILITY2.6 ETHICAL ISSUES SURROUNDING THE USE OF STEM CELLSThere are several ethical issues surrounding the use of stem cells and their research. The biggest issue is the use of an embryo. Although the embryo is fertilised in vitro and come from willing couples, on that point are quiet down issues regarding the confer of whether the embryo is human or not, and whether it has rights. Some people recall that human deportment begins at conception, or nonetheless before this, so the embryos are human and deserve rights and protection while others look at that life begins when you are born, when your heart first beats, or a few months after development. Some groups see the use of embryos as a form of abortion. The debate depends on ones own personal view as to whether the embryo is human or not.Another ethical issue many people have regards the use and creation of Human-Animal Chimeras. Chimeras are organisms that contain cells or tissues from multiple organisms. Some believe that it is ethically wrong to combine human and animal stem cells to form chimeras. They are separate organisms which should not be combined. Despite these issues, chimeras are important in forming actual therapeutic methods. jurisprudence prohibits the breeding of human-animal chimeras.The debate between preventing and cut down human suffering versus respecting the nurture of human life is another issue. Stem cells have the ability to be cured _or_ healed numerous issues, and have the potenti al to prevent and treat several other things but if embryonic stem cells are used, it can be seen as destroying one human life to save another.There are also several risks conglomerate in stem cell research and use. It is comparatively new, so the long term side effects of its use in humans is so far unknown, but they could be horrific. In tests make with rats, 20% that were injected with embryonic stem cells died of some form of tumour. (chem445stemcell, 2011)3. MY PERSONAL VIEWStem cell research is one of the most important fields of science in modern times. It is able to, and has the potential to cure numerous diseases, illnesses and problems found in humans. Despite this many people see it as unethical and full of risks. I believe that the potential benefits outweigh the risks and negative ethical implications associated with it.Stem cells are unspecialised cells which are able to become any type of cell in the body. They have many current uses, and they have the potential for numerous future uses. Scientists and doctors are able to do stem cell transplants from bone marrow to treat leukaemia. Thousands of patients over the dry land have successfully received this treatment which has prolonged their lives. Stem cells are also able to heal burns through skin grafts, as well as replace damaged cells and treat diseases. Stem cells allow scientists to study the growth and development patterns of both organisms and diseases, as well as provide new ways of treating the diseases. Another important feature of stem cells is their use in the production of insulin for diabetics. The insulin produced is indistinguishable from human insulin.It is not only the current uses of stem cells that are important, but also the potential that they have. Scientists are experimenting and finding ways to use stem cells to cure diseases that were once seen as incurable, such as diabetes and Parkinsons disease. They believe that they can find ways to cure liver failure, heart dam age, cancer, brain damage, deafness, blindness, hair loss, missing teeth, and even infertility. Scientist believe that they will be able to use a patients own stem cells to grow new organs for transplant, which would be guaranteed to not be rejected. The possibilities are endless.Despite their potential, stem cells raise many ethical issues, and have many risks that surround them. The use of an embryo is questioned by many people. It is believed by many that human life begins at conception, or even before this. They believe that the use of an embryo is a form of abortion, or an exploitation of their human rights. Others believe that life only begins later in pregnancy, or at birth, so they disagree with this viewpoint. The embryos are donated volitionally by couples, and are fertilised in vitro.Another issue that people have is that human tissue is combined with animal tissue to form chimeras. They are separate organisms and should not be combined to create new creatures. Additiona l, there is an ethical issue raised on the debate between preventing and reducing human suffering versus respecting the value of human life. Stem cells have the ability to cure numerous issues, and have the potential to prevent and treat several other things but if embryonic stem cells are used, it can be seen as destroying one human life to save another. Some of the risks involved in stem cell research and use include that it is relatively new, so the long term side effects of its use in humans is so far unknown, but they could be horrific. In tests through with(p) with rats, 20% that were injected with embryonic stem cells died of some form of tumour.There are numerous ethical issues raised through stem cell research, but the potential that it has in curing and preventing diseases and issues in humans greatly outweighs them. Scientists must(prenominal) continue researching stem cells, and finding exciting ways in which they can be used.4. EVALUATION AS TO WHAT INFLUENCED MY DEC ISIONI visited numerous sources with different viewpoints to allow myself to make an informed decision as to where I patronize regarding stem cell research.Regarding the use of embryonic stem cells, I believe that human life begins at conception, but the fact that the couples who donate the embryos are sterile and already have children, and that the embryos are fertilised in vitro, influenced me to believe that the use of embryonic stem cells is acceptable. In 2005, guidelines regarding the use of embryonic stem cells were laid. They prompt scientists to work ethically, responsibly and sensitive in their work. They are not laws, in time they still lay the basis on which most laboratories work.There is to a greater extent than one source of stem cells, so not all stem cell related topics are surrounded by numerous ethical issues. The numerous benefits and the potential that stem cells have also influenced my decision into bread and butter the study and research of stem cells.Stem cell research has the potential to save thousands of lives, and through research scientists will be able to find and test the ways in which they can be used.5. CONCLUSIONAlthough there are many ethical issues surrounding the use of them cells, the potential benefits of their research greatly outweighs these issues. They have the potential to save the lives of those who thought they were unsaveable, as well as treat the untreatable. Through the right research and funding, the possibilities regarding stem cell research are endless.6. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCESREFERENCESManda, D. A. (2014). Stem Cell Types. Retrieved from News Medical http//www.news-medical.net/wellness/Stem-Cell-Types.aspx 23-02-2014Institute, R. P. (2013, May 28). Significantly improved survival rates for stem cell transplant recipients. Retrieved from ScienceDaily http//www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/05/130528180857.htm 05-03-2014chem445stemcell. (2011). Risks and Disadvantages of Stem Cell Research. Retrieve d from Stem Cell Research http//chem445stemcell.webs.com/risksanddisadvantages.htm 10-03-2014BIBLIOGRAPHYBOOKSGoldstein, L Schneider, M. 2010. Stem Cells for Dummies. Indianapolis, Indiana Wiley Publishing Inc.WEBSITESDr Ananya Mandal. 2014.What are Stem Cells? ONLINE visible(prenominal) at http//www.news-medical.net/health/What-are-Stem-Cells.aspx. Accessed 02 frame in 2014.Dr Ananya Mandal. 2014.Stem Cell Properties. ONLINE available at http//www.news-medical.net/health/Stem-Cell-Properties.aspx. Accessed 02 touch 2014.Dr Ananya Mandal. 2014.What are Embryonic Stem Cells? ONLINE getable athttp//www.news-medical.net/health/What-are-Embryonic-Stem-Cells.aspx. Accessed 02 March 2014.Dr Ananya Mandal. 2014.Stem Cell Lineage. ONLINE open at http//www.news-medical.net/health/Stem-Cell-Lineage.aspx. Accessed 02 March 2014.Dr Ananya Mandal. 2014.Stem Cell Controversy. ONLINE Available at http//www.news-medical.net/health/Stem-Cell-Controversy.aspx. Accessed 02 March 2014.Jon Entine. 11 March 2013. Should the government tease apart ethical oversight of stem cell research? Genetic Literacy Project. ONLINE Available at http//www.geneticliteracyproject.org/2013/03/11/should-the-government-loosen-ethical-oversight-of-stem-cell-research/.UvNVv_mSwSk Accessed 02 March 2014Kristina Hug23 Mar 2011.Embryonic stem cell research an ethical dilemma Europes stem cell hub EuroStemCell. ONLINE Available at http//www.eurostemcell.org/factsheet/embryonic-stem-cell-research-ethical-dilemma. Accessed 02 March 2014.Lawrence S.B. GoldsteinandMeg Schneider. 2014.Explore Current Stem Cell Treatments For Dummies. ONLINE Available athttp//www.dummies.com/how-to/content/explore-current-stem-cell-treatments.html. 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